Week 4 - Cardiology Flashcards
1
Q
Musculature and conducting system of the heart
A
Myocardium
2
Q
Left heart
A
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Receive blood from LUNGS and pump it through arterial circulation to all parts of the body.
LEFT = LUNGS
3
Q
Right heart
A
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Receive blood from all parts of the body through venous circulation and pump it to lungs for oxygen uptake
4
Q
Fibroserous sac that surrounds the heart
A
Pericardium
5
Q
Prevent blood from returning to atria during systolic phase of cardiac contraction
A
AV valves - atrioventricular valves
Anchored by chordae tendineae
6
Q
Right AV valve
A
Tricuspid valve
(RST)
7
Q
Left valve
A
MitraL or bicuspid
L - Left
8
Q
Blood leaving right ventricle passes through
A
Pulmonic valve
9
Q
Blood leave the left ventricle passes through
A
Aortic valve
10
Q
Ventricular repolarization
A
T wave on ECG
11
Q
Normal electrical conductance
A
SA node
AV node
AV bundle
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibers
SAAB - electric car
12
Q
SA node
A
Sinoatrial node
Located in right atrium
Initiates heart’s electrical activity
13
Q
BP
A
SVR x CO
Brianna Paige = Colorado x Stunning views really
14
Q
CO
A
HR x SV
(Colorado - Home run x stunning views)
15
Q
DO2
A
CO x CaO2
(Deliver oxygen to Colorado and California)
16
Q
SV
A
Stroke volume
-Cardiac preload
-Cardiac contractility
-Cardiac afterload
17
Q
Failure to pump enough blood into aorta or pulmonary artery to maintain SV, CO, and ABP
A
Systolic failure, forward heart failure, low output heart failure
SYS = FORW
18
Q
Inadequate ventricular filling, heart unable to relax
A
Diastolic heart failure, backward heart failure
DIA = BACK
19
Q
Left sided heart failure
A
Pulmonary edema
Dyspnea
Pleural effusion (cats)
20
Q
Right sided heart failure
A
Ascites
Jugular distention
Peripheral edema
21
Q
Opioid used as pulmonary vasodilator
A
Morphine
22
Q
Afterload reducing drug
A
Nitroprusside CRI - ultra rapid, short acting, arterial and venous dilator
23
Q
CVHD
A
Chronic vaLvuLar heart disease, aka, endocardiosis
LEFT AV valve
24
Q
Systolic heart murmur on the left apex over the 4th intercostal space
A
CVHD
25
Radiographic feature of CVHD
LEFT atrial enlargement
26
Cardiac enlargement and impaired systolic function
DCM
Decreased fractional shortening (FS%)
27
VircHOW’s triad
Formation of thrombosis:
1. Stasis of blood flow
2. Hypercoagulability
3. Endothelial damage
HOW = SHE
28
Thromboembolism from HCM
ATE, saddle thrombus
29
ATE signs
Paralysis
Paraparesis
Pain!
3 P’s!!
30
Cardiac tamponade
Significant fluid compressing the heart
NO DIURETICS OR VASODILATORS!!
Pulsus paradoxus and electrical alternans
31
Electrical alternans
Beat-to-beat variation on the amplitude (height) of QRS and ST-T complexes
Swinging of the heart once every other heartbeat
PERICARDIAL EFFUSION!
32
Endocarditis
Colonization of endocardium by bacteria
Gold standard - blood cultures!
33
ARVC
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
“Boxer cardiomyopathy”
VPC’s and ventricular tachycardia
34
Atrial standstill
ECG lacks P wave
Hyperkalemia
WIDE QRS and Tall “tent-like” T waves
35
Atrial fibrillation
AV node gatekeeper!
Absent P wave, presence of F wave, irregular R-R interval, and supraventricular appearance of QRS complex
Shoes in the dryer sound
36
Class 2 antiarrhythmics
Propanolol
Esmolol
2 LOL’s
Beta blockers
37
Class 1 antiarrhythmics
Lidocaine
Procainamide
Sodium channel blocker
38
Class 3 antiarrhythmics
Amiodarone
Sotalol
Potassium channel blocker
39
Class 4 antiarrhythmics
Diltiazem
Calcium channel blocker
40
Ventricular tachycardia
3 or more VPC’s
HR >160bpm
41
AIVR
Accelerated idoventricular rhythm
3 or more VPC’s
HR 70-160bpm
Not life threatening
42
First degree AV block
Prolonged PR interval with normal QRS
No treatment
43
Second degree AV block
P wave for every QRS, but QRS does not exist for every P wave
Atropine, dopamine, dobutamine, epinephrine.
Pacemaker needed if drugs don’t work
44
Third degree AV block
No consistent PR interval
P waves can occur during QRS complex!
Permanent pacemaker!
45
PDE III inhibitor with both arterial and venous dilation
Pimobendan
DCM, secondary CHF
46
Osmotic diuretic
Mannitol
Renal failure, TBI, glaucoma
47
Loop diuretic
Furosemide
48
Aldosterone antagonists
Spironolactone
K-sparing
“ONE-ONE”
49
Diuretics
Excretion of retained water, solutes, and toxins
Oliguria and CHF
50
ADP
Adenosine Diphosphate
2 receptors on platelet:
P2Y and P2Y12
51
Theinopyridines
Interfere with ADP induced platelet aggregation through irreversible binding to platelet P2Y12 receptor.
Clopidogrel (Plavix)
52
Digoxin
Atrial fibrillation
53
ECG paper speed
50mm/sec
54
Lead II
Rhythm evaluation
55
P wave
Atrial depolarization
(PolAr)
56
QRS wave
Ventricular depolarization
“QRSTUV - V for ventricular”
57
T wave
Ventricular repolarization
“TUV - V for ventricular”
58
Potent natural vasodilators
CO2 and NO
59
Partition that separates 2 pleural cavities
Mediastinum
60
IVAGSD
Inherited ventricular arrhythmia (German Shepherd)
61
MMVD
Myxomatous mitral valve disease
62
ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin converting enzyme
Enalapril and Benazepril
ACE = PRIL
63
ADH hormone that reabsorbs free water within renal duct
Vasopressin
64
Eccentric hypertrophy
Dilation of ventricular chamber
DCM
MMVD
PDA
Increases stress on myocardial walls and oxygen demand and decreases monocyte contractility
65
Concentric hypertrophy
Increased thickness of ventricular walls
HCM
Systemic or pulmonary hypertension
Subaortic stenosis
Increases myocardial oxygen demand and impairs diastolic relaxation
66
Congenital heart disease
Shunting defects - CHF, respiratory distress or hypoxemia or cyanosis. LEFT TO RIGHT
Perivalvular defects - CHF, syncope, and collapse. RIGHT TO LEFT
67
Most common right to left shunting defect in dogs
TOF
Tetralogy of Fallot
68
Vagal maneuver for tachycardia
Carotid sinus massage
Ocular pressure
Increase parasympathetic tone to SA and AV nodes
69
SVT
Supraventricular tachycardia
Narrow QRS >150bpm
Diltiazem or Propranolol
70
VT in cats
Propranolol
71
Pleural effusion causes in dogs
Cardiac HSA - 2/3 of cardiac tumors
Idiopathic pericarditis
72
Pleural effusion causes in cats
HCM secondary to CHF
73
Pleural effusion on radiographs
Enlarged, globoid cardiac silhouette
74
Pericardiocentesis
Performed where strongest cardiac impulse is palpated or 3rd-4th intercostal spaces
Perpendicular to thorax and CRANIAL to rib (neurovascular bundles located caudal to each rib)
75
Myocardial disease characterized by pump failure of left ventricle
DCM
76
Taurine deficiency on cats
DCM
77
Atrial fibrillation
Rapid chaotic rhythm pattern, recognizable QRS, and absence of P waves
Diltiazem + digoxin
78
Pimobendan
Inodilator with potent positive inotropes and vasodilatory effects
79
DCM treatment
Pimobendan
ACE inhibitors - PRIL’s
Furosemide
80
Myocardial disease by idiopathic left ventricular hypertrophy
HCM
81
What breeds of cat get familial HCM
Maine Coon
Ragdoll
Due to mutation of myosin binding protein C
82
ATE management
PURE MU AGONIST - PAIN (Fentanyl, Methadone)
Heparin
Clopidogrel or aspirin
83
CHF diagnosis on T-fast
LA:Ao >1.5
Left atrium:aorta
84
Wenckebach or Mobitz
2nd degree AV block Type 1
Lengthening of PR interval followed by a dropped QRS, P wave not paired with a QRS
85
One or more QRS complexes are dropped with PR intervals that do not change
2nd degree AV block Type II
86
Lonely P waves, chaotic PR intervals, P without QRS complex
3rd degree AV block
87
Sawtooth baseline
Atrial flutter
88
Lung rockets
Pulmonary edema on TFAST with LCHF
89
Canine heart worm
Dirofilaria immitis
Respiratory distress
RCHF
Cabal syndrome
90
Heart worm retrieval
Right jugular vein
Anaphylaxis or death can occur if worm is torn during process
91
5 classes of PH
1. Pulmonary arterial hypertension - heart worm
2. Left sided heart disease - CVD (chronic degenerative mitral valve disease)
3. Pulmonary disease - tracheal collapse, bronchitis
4. Thromboembolic disease - IMHA, PLN, PLE
5. Unclear or multifactorial
92
Common infectious cause of myocarditis
Parvovirus
Bartonella
Toxoplasmosis - CATS!!
93
Gold standard for myocarditis diagnosis
Endomyocardial biopsy with fluoroscopy
94
2 types of stroke
Ischemic or hemorrhagic
95
Conditions that cause systemic hypertension
AKD and CKD
DM, Cushing’s - dogs
Hyperthyroidism - cats
96
Systemic hypertension treatment
Amlodipine or hydralazine
97
Thoracocentesis
7th-9th intercostal spaces
CRANIAL to the rib
98
Pericardiocentesis
RIGHT side
3rd-5th intercostal space
99
Systolic BP lower, diastolic BP higher
Waveform with dull, rounded appearance
Overdamped ABP
100
Systolic BP higher, diastolic BP lower
Waveform tall, sharp appearance
Underdamped ABP
101
“Floating a swan”
SvO2
PulmonaRy aRteRy catheter - Swan-Ganz type
Jugular to right heart
102
PAM
345
Pulmonic valve - 3rd
Aortic valve - 4th
Mitral valve -5th
103
Grades of heart murmurs
1. Barely audible
2. Soft, but audible
3. Audible
4. Loud with no thrill
5. Loud with thrill
6. Can be heard with stethoscope off chest wall
104
Postural breathing or “up and down” breathing
Orthopnea
105
FON
Furosemide
Oxygen
Nitro paste
106
SSS
Sick sinus syndrome
NSR with long periods of asystole (syncope)
107
Non-nodal
Myocyte
108
Beck’s triad
Jugular distention
Hypotension
Muffled heart sounds
109
Nodal
SA and AV node
110
Preload
Diastole
111
Afterload
Systole
112
Ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, and right ventricular hypertrophy
Tetralogy of Fallot
113
Persistent opening between aorta and pulmonary artery
PDA - patent ductus arteriosus
114
