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VTS ECC > Week 3 - Clinical Pathology > Flashcards

Week 3 - Clinical Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Cells that make up blood

A

RBC’s, WBC’s, platelets

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2
Q

Erythropoises

A

Generation RBC’s by erythropoietin

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3
Q

Leukopoises

A

Generation of 5 types of WBC’s

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4
Q

Granulocytes (WBC)

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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5
Q

Agranulocytes (WBC)

A

Monocytes, lymphocytes

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6
Q

Immature RBC’s

A

Nucleus or nRBC’s - replacement of damaged cells.

NOT FAST process - 3-5 days!!

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7
Q

Hematopoises

A

BONE MARROW - birth place of all blood cells!

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

Thrombopoises

A

Generation of platelets

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10
Q

Megakaryocyte

A

Mature platelet precursor

Do NOT have a nuclei

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11
Q

Giant platelets

A

BM response to thrombocytopenia

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12
Q

In house labwork

A

PCV/TS

Blood smear

Platelet count

Reticulocyte count

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13
Q

PCV/TS

A

Plasma

Buffy coat

RBC’s

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14
Q

Splenic contraction

A

30% of RBC’s stored in the spleen

PCV will increase, TP will NOT

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

Low TP

A

PLE, PLN, blood loss, fluid overload

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17
Q

Slide evaluation

A

Feathered edge

Monolayer

Body

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18
Q

Monolayer

A

MAGIC

50:50 RBC’s touching:not touching

Highest magnification

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19
Q

Monolayer with anemia

A

LONG!!!

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20
Q

Monolayer highly concentrated

A

SHORT!!

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21
Q

K9 RBC

A

1/3 central pallor

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22
Q

Feline RBC

A

Lack central pallor!

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23
Q

Agglutination

A

3D stacking appearance of RBC

IgM antibodies, causing RBC’s to stick together!

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24
Q

Rouleaux

A

Coin stacking appearance

Healthy - cats

NOT healthy - dogs

Hypoalbuminemia and hyperglobulinemia

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25
Q

Difference between agglutination and rouleaux

A

ADD SALINE!

Rouleaux - disperse the cells

Agglutination - won’t disperse

Cell wash - needed for blood typing and crossmatching

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26
Q

Polychromasia

A

BLUE or PURPLE in color

Immature RBC’s

BM response - 3-5 days!!

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27
Q

Reticulocytes

A

NMB stain

BLUE granular inclusions

YOUNG - aggregate (AGE)

OLD - punctate (PUNK)

K9 - mature FAST! Felines do NOT

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28
Q

nRBC’s

A

Immature RBC

VERY dark BLUE nucleus

Low # - regenerative anemia

Large # - breakdown in blood and BM barrier

Presence in acute trauma = poor prognosis!!

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29
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

Any deviation in RBC from normal

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30
Q

Spheroctyes

A

Smaller in size, lack central pallor

IMHA

Bee sting, coral snake envenomation

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31
Q

Echinocytes

A

Spiculated RBC’s, burr cells

Excessive EDTA

Chemo drugs

Renal disease in K9

Snake envenomation w/in 24 hours of bite

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32
Q

Schistocytes

A

Fragmented RBC

DIC in K9, NOT Feline

Liver disease

Iron deficiency

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33
Q

Leptocytes

A

Bull’s eye or Target

Regenerative anemia Large

Dogs - have low # without disease

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34
Q

RBC inclusion

A

Same plane as RBC and NEVER refractive!

35
Q

Heinz-Body

A

Small, round bumps found on the side or inside the cell

5% normal in cats

Oxidative injury - acetaminophen, zinc, propylene glycol

DM, DKA, Hyperthyroid, Lymphoma

36
Q

Howell-Jolly Body

A

Small, round, purple

Low # - normal in dogs and cats

Large # - regenerative anemia

37
Q

Babesia

A

Forms a ring with a dark staining nucleus on one side of the cell

39
Q

Left shift

A

When bone marrow supply can’t keep up with the demand it pushes out immature neutrophils, or bands

Overwhelming inflammation or infection

40
Q

Degenerative left shift

A

Exhausted supply of neuts = poor prognosis

41
Q

Toxic changes

A

Accelerated maturation

Dohle bodies
Cytoplasmic basophilia
Cytoplasmic vacuolation
Nuclear immaturity
Toxic granulation

42
Q

Dohle bodies

A

Pale, round or linear aggregates writhin the cytoplasm

Small # normal in cats

43
Q

Cytoplasmic basophilia

A

Streaky and irregular cytoplasm

44
Q

Cytoplasmic vacuolation

A

Frothy appearance

45
Q

Toxic granulation

A

Red granules in cytoplasm - RARE!

46
Q

Eosinophils

A

Released at sites of allergic reaction

Do not remain in circulation very long

47
Q

Basophils

A

HISTAMINE & HEPARIN

48
Q

Monocytes

A

Largest WBC

No granules, large cytoplasm that contain vacuoles

49
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Only WBC not capable of phagocytosis

T-cells, B-cells, and Natural killer cells

50
Q

T-cells

A

Thymus

Replicate itself - killer, helper, and suppressor

ACQUIRED immune system

51
Q

B-cells

A

Humoral immunity -lymph nodes and spleen

Plasma cells clone themselves

ACQUIRED immune system’s primary defense

52
Q

Natural killer

A

INNATE immune system that attack abnormal cells and release cytokines

53
Q

Acquired immune system

A

T-cells and B-cells

54
Q

Lymphocytosis

A

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

55
Q

Reactive lymphocytes

A

“Recently vaccinated”

56
Q

Granular lymphocytes

A

Erlichia
CKD
Primary leukemia

57
Q

Mastocytemia

A

Cats - mast cell neoplasia
Dogs - inflammation

58
Q

Anemia

A

RBC loss, destruction, decreased production, decreased hemoglobin

59
Q

Regenerative anemia

A

Delayed process - 3-5 days!!

60
Q

Non-regenerative anemia

A

RBC’s may appear normal, but #’s are decreased

BM has decreased ability to produce

61
Q

Erythropoiesis failure

A

Primary - immune mediated, acquired

Secondary - metabolic derangements, aplastic anemia, marrow infiltration

62
Q

IMHA

A

Antibodies - IgM, IgG, IgA

Primary - idiopathic

Secondary - immunologic response

63
Q

Intravascular IMHA

A

Massive cell lysis releases free hemoglobin

64
Q

Blood smear w/ IMHA

A

nRBC’s, polychromasia, reticulocytes, and spherocytes seen in 89-95% of IMHA

65
Q

CBC w/ IMHA

A

Regenerative anemia, leukocytosis w/ left shift, lymphocytosis, thrombocytopenia and increase reticulocytes

66
Q

Polycythemia

A

PCV >70%
Increased RBC’s
Elevated hemoglobin

Primary - abnormal myeloid stem cells

Secondary - increased levels of erythropoietin causes overproduction of RBC’s

67
Q

Relative polycythemia

A

Hemoconcentration due to shifting of fluids out of the intravascular spaces due to dehydration

Most commonly seen in ER due to V/D

68
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Elevated WBC’s, inflammation

69
Q

Neutrophilia

A

Demand exceeds supply of mature cells, a left shift will be noted

70
Q

Regenerative left shift

A

Increase in bands, majority mature

71
Q

Degenerative left shift

A

Majority being bands

POOR PROGNOSIS!

72
Q

Physiologic leukocytosis

A

Transient shift in mature neutrophils from storage pools into circulation

“Fight or flight” response - fear, excitement, strenuous exercise

More common in cats

73
Q

Inflammatory neutrophilia

A

Fever, weight loss, infected wounds, loss of appetite

74
Q

Stress leukogram

A

Increases in leukocytes following an increase in corticosteroids

(Stress - steroids)

75
Q

Leukopenia

A

Low WBC count, due to neutropenia

Neut count <1000/uL = risk for sepsis

76
Q

ITP

A

Immune mediated thrombocytopenia - destruction of platelets

Primary - idiopathic
Secondary - infection, inflammatory, neoplastic, or toxic

4 mechanisms - sequestration, consumption, hypo proliferation, and destruction

77
Q

IMHA + ITP

A

Evan’s syndrome

78
Q

Effusions

A

Pure Transudate
Modified Transudate
Exudate

79
Q

Pure Transudate

A

PURE - PLE, PLN, portal

TP - <2.5g/dL
Cell count - <1000/uL

Colorless, clear

81
Q

Modified Transudate

A

TP - 2.5-7.5g/dL
Cell count 1000-7000/uL

Heart failure, diaphragmatic hernia, lymphoma

82
Q

Exudate

A

> 3g/dL
Cell count >7000/uL

Septic
FIP - <7000/uL, but TP >4.5g/dL
Non-septic - pancreatitis, peritonitis

83
Q

Septic peritonitis

A

BG - >20mg/dL difference lower than peripheral
Lactate - >2.5mmol/L higher than peripheral

VTS ECC (3 decks)

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