Week 3 - Clinical Pathology Flashcards
1
Q
Cells that make up blood
A
RBC’s, WBC’s, platelets
2
Q
Erythropoises
A
Generation RBC’s by erythropoietin
3
Q
Leukopoises
A
Generation of 5 types of WBC’s
4
Q
Granulocytes (WBC)
A
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
5
Q
Agranulocytes (WBC)
A
Monocytes, lymphocytes
6
Q
Immature RBC’s
A
Nucleus or nRBC’s - replacement of damaged cells.
NOT FAST process - 3-5 days!!
7
Q
Hematopoises
A
BONE MARROW - birth place of all blood cells!
8
Q
A
9
Q
Thrombopoises
A
Generation of platelets
10
Q
Megakaryocyte
A
Mature platelet precursor
Do NOT have a nuclei
11
Q
Giant platelets
A
BM response to thrombocytopenia
12
Q
In house labwork
A
PCV/TS
Blood smear
Platelet count
Reticulocyte count
13
Q
PCV/TS
A
Plasma
Buffy coat
RBC’s
14
Q
Splenic contraction
A
30% of RBC’s stored in the spleen
PCV will increase, TP will NOT
15
Q
A
16
Q
Low TP
A
PLE, PLN, blood loss, fluid overload
17
Q
Slide evaluation
A
Feathered edge
Monolayer
Body
18
Q
Monolayer
A
MAGIC
50:50 RBC’s touching:not touching
Highest magnification
19
Q
Monolayer with anemia
A
LONG!!!
20
Q
Monolayer highly concentrated
A
SHORT!!
21
Q
K9 RBC
A
1/3 central pallor
22
Q
Feline RBC
A
Lack central pallor!
23
Q
Agglutination
A
3D stacking appearance of RBC
IgM antibodies, causing RBC’s to stick together!
24
Q
Rouleaux
A
Coin stacking appearance
Healthy - cats
NOT healthy - dogs
Hypoalbuminemia and hyperglobulinemia
25
Difference between agglutination and rouleaux
ADD SALINE!
Rouleaux - disperse the cells
Agglutination - won’t disperse
Cell wash - needed for blood typing and crossmatching
26
Polychromasia
BLUE or PURPLE in color
Immature RBC’s
BM response - 3-5 days!!
27
Reticulocytes
NMB stain
BLUE granular inclusions
YOUNG - aggregate (AGE)
OLD - punctate (PUNK)
K9 - mature FAST! Felines do NOT
28
nRBC’s
Immature RBC
VERY dark BLUE nucleus
Low # - regenerative anemia
Large # - breakdown in blood and BM barrier
Presence in acute trauma = poor prognosis!!
29
Poikilocytosis
Any deviation in RBC from normal
30
Spheroctyes
Smaller in size, lack central pallor
IMHA
Bee sting, coral snake envenomation
31
Echinocytes
Spiculated RBC’s, burr cells
Excessive EDTA
Chemo drugs
Renal disease in K9
Snake envenomation w/in 24 hours of bite
32
Schistocytes
Fragmented RBC
DIC in K9, NOT Feline
Liver disease
Iron deficiency
“Oh shit” = DIC
33
Leptocytes
Bull’s eye or Target
Regenerative anemia Large
Dogs - have low # without disease
34
RBC inclusion
Same plane as RBC and NEVER refractive!
35
Heinz-Body
Small, round bumps found on the side or inside the cell
5% normal in cats
Oxidative injury - acetaminophen, zinc, propylene glycol
DM, DKA, Hyperthyroid, Lymphoma
36
Howell-Jolly Body
Small, round, purple
Low # - normal in dogs and cats
Large # - regenerative anemia
37
Babesia
Forms a ring with a dark staining nucleus on one side of the cell
38
39
Left shift
When bone marrow supply can’t keep up with the demand it pushes out immature neutrophils, or bands
Overwhelming inflammation or infection
40
Degenerative left shift
Exhausted supply of neuts = poor prognosis
41
Toxic changes
Accelerated maturation
Dohle bodies
Cytoplasmic basophilia
Cytoplasmic vacuolation
Nuclear immaturity
Toxic granulation
42
Dohle bodies
Pale, round or linear aggregates writhin the cytoplasm
Small # normal in cats
43
Cytoplasmic basophilia
Streaky and irregular cytoplasm
44
Cytoplasmic vacuolation
Frothy appearance
45
Toxic granulation
Red granules in cytoplasm - RARE!
46
Eosinophils
Released at sites of allergic reaction
Do not remain in circulation very long
47
Basophils
HISTAMINE & HEPARIN
48
Monocytes
Largest WBC
No granules, large cytoplasm that contain vacuoles
49
Lymphocytes
Only WBC not capable of phagocytosis
T-cells, B-cells, and Natural killer cells
50
T-cells
Thymus
Replicate itself - killer, helper, and suppressor
ACQUIRED immune system
51
B-cells
Humoral immunity -lymph nodes and spleen
Plasma cells clone themselves
ACQUIRED immune system’s primary defense
52
Natural killer
INNATE immune system that attack abnormal cells and release cytokines
53
Acquired immune system
T-cells and B-cells
54
Lymphocytosis
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
55
Reactive lymphocytes
“Recently vaccinated”
56
Granular lymphocytes
Erlichia
CKD
Primary leukemia
57
Mastocytemia
Cats - mast cell neoplasia
Dogs - inflammation
58
Anemia
RBC loss, destruction, decreased production, decreased hemoglobin
59
Regenerative anemia
Delayed process - 3-5 days!!
60
Non-regenerative anemia
RBC’s may appear normal, but #’s are decreased
BM has decreased ability to produce
61
Erythropoiesis failure
Primary - immune mediated, acquired
Secondary - metabolic derangements, aplastic anemia, marrow infiltration
62
IMHA
Antibodies - IgM, IgG, IgA
Primary - idiopathic
Secondary - immunologic response
63
Intravascular IMHA
Massive cell lysis releases free hemoglobin
64
Blood smear w/ IMHA
nRBC’s, polychromasia, reticulocytes, and spherocytes seen in 89-95% of IMHA
65
CBC w/ IMHA
Regenerative anemia, leukocytosis w/ left shift, lymphocytosis, thrombocytopenia and increase reticulocytes
66
Polycythemia
PCV >70%
Increased RBC’s
Elevated hemoglobin
Primary - abnormal myeloid stem cells
Secondary - increased levels of erythropoietin causes overproduction of RBC’s
67
Relative polycythemia
Hemoconcentration due to shifting of fluids out of the intravascular spaces due to dehydration
Most commonly seen in ER due to V/D
68
Leukocytosis
Elevated WBC’s, inflammation
69
Neutrophilia
Demand exceeds supply of mature cells, a left shift will be noted
70
Regenerative left shift
Increase in bands, majority mature
71
Degenerative left shift
Majority being bands
POOR PROGNOSIS!
72
Physiologic leukocytosis
Transient shift in mature neutrophils from storage pools into circulation
“Fight or flight” response - fear, excitement, strenuous exercise
More common in cats
73
Inflammatory neutrophilia
Fever, weight loss, infected wounds, loss of appetite
74
Stress leukogram
Increases in leukocytes following an increase in corticosteroids
(Stress - steroids)
75
Leukopenia
Low WBC count, due to neutropenia
Neut count <1000/uL = risk for sepsis
76
ITP
Immune mediated thrombocytopenia - destruction of platelets
Primary - idiopathic
Secondary - infection, inflammatory, neoplastic, or toxic
4 mechanisms - sequestration, consumption, hypo proliferation, and destruction
77
IMHA + ITP
Evan’s syndrome
78
Effusions
Pure Transudate
Modified Transudate
Exudate
79
Pure Transudate
PURE - PLE, PLN, portal
TP - <2.5g/dL
Cell count - <1000/uL
Colorless, clear
80
81
Modified Transudate
TP - 2.5-7.5g/dL
Cell count 1000-7000/uL
Heart failure, diaphragmatic hernia, lymphoma
82
Exudate
>3g/dL
Cell count >7000/uL
Septic
FIP - <7000/uL, but TP >4.5g/dL
Non-septic - pancreatitis, peritonitis
83
Septic peritonitis
BG - >20mg/dL difference lower than peripheral
Lactate - >2.5mmol/L higher than peripheral
