Week 4 - Biology And Indivuality Flashcards

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1
Q

Phsyics and chem explain

Evolution by natural selection explain.

A

How

Why

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2
Q

Darwanina evolution

A

Genes pass on, natural slection.

- speciation (divergence) of isolated populations turn into new species

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3
Q

Darwin’s initial theory, evolution is defined by 3 processes:

A
  • Vertical inheritance of genes (from parent to offspring)
  • Speciation = divergence
  • Increasing complexity
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4
Q

MODERN EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

3 processes:

A
  1. Vertical inheritance of genes
    • Genes can also be acquired horizontally during the lifespan, through a process called horizontal / lateral gene transfer
  2. Speciation = divergence
    • Many instances of convergent evolution, where populations separately evolve the same physiology or behavior and become more similar, rather than less (evolution of the eye, carcinisation, etc.)
  3. Increasing complexity
    • Species often evolve decreased complexity when the complexity is expensive and unnecessary (ex. cave fish losing their eyes)
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5
Q

WHAT IS AN INDIVIDUAL?

A

Darwinian evolution, an individual is easy to define genetically:

  • but HGT complicates this defitnion
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6
Q

• Genes themselves are regulated by the

A

physical, chemical and biological environment of the organism,
and their expression can change in response

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7
Q

Genetic mociasm

A

Different cells have different genotypes in same individual

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8
Q

When Darwin published “___” in 1859, the big challenge of biology seemed to be: how
do we explain where species come from?

A

On the Origin of Species

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9
Q

THE ENLICHENMENT

A

Cyanobacteria (photobiont) + fungus (mycobiont)

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10
Q

The wood-wide web”

A

(Suzanne Simard). Everything is interconnected and we exist thorugh these interactions with eachothe rand the world

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11
Q

Convergent evoltuion

A
  • did not occur for primates
  • carcinisatio. (Borradaile)
  • trees (a pattern of phenotypes thats strategic and is used by mnay unrelated slecies) —-> tree growth habit
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12
Q

Timothy Morton:

A

“The punchline of (‘The Origin of Species’) is that there are no species and there is no origin!”

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13
Q

Gilbert et al. (2012) survey the literature in biology and ecology and identify six different criteria that
people have used for identifying an “individual” organism

A

Anatomically, physiologically, embryologically, immunologically, genetically, or evolutionarily

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14
Q

Gilbert et al. (2012):
• Morton (2010):
• Sheldrake (2020):

A

Gilbert et al. (2012): “All… conceptions of individuality are called into question by evidence of all-pervading symbiosis.”
• Morton (2010): “All organisms are monstrous kluges made up of other lifeforms, and there’s no real coherency.”
• Sheldrake (2020): “To talk about individuals (makes) no sense anymore… We are ecosystems that span boundaries and transgress categories.”

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