Week 4 Flashcards
Layers
The physical and the logic within the 0’s and 1’s
Distinction between analog and digital technology
Digital technology is able to compress and conserve bandwidth, also offers more clarity and better quality.
Circuit switched telephone
Call placed between 2 points, circuit is held ope for duration of the call
Can be either analog or digital.
Packet switched telephone
no dedicated fixed capacity to communication
Dynamic routing
Information is divided, transported, and reassembled.
Must be digital.
4 layers of the internet
Physical
Logical
Application
Content
Physical layer of the internet
Ex. copper wires, airwaves
Logical layer of the internet
Basic protocols for transmission
How computers speak to each other.
Application layer of the internet
Like web browser software
Content layer of the internet
Actual words in an email, music video on YouTube, etc…
Without the separation of layers content would depend on…
internet provider
IP
Internet Protocol
Logic layer of the internet
Allows my Mac to connect with anything, anywhere, all are following this protocol, but it is owned by no one.
Did the separation of layers promote or hinder the internet’s progress?
The separation of layers promoted the internet’s progress.
Web in relation to internet?
The web runs ON TOP of the internet, it is NOT the internet.
How did the government’s decision to privatize the internet and allow electronic commerce in the 1990’s impact internet browsers?
Internet browsers were not an instant success, but following this policy change they became user friendly. More people started using them and as more people used browsers, browsers became more valuable (network effects).
Peering
2 networks interconnect directly
Transit
1 network hires intermediary to connect it indirectly to other networks.
Always involves an exchange of money.
Settlement free peering
Networks don’t exchange money, just accept each other’s traffic.
Paid Peering
IP Network pays another to peer with it, particularly if it’s giving more traffic than it’s receiving.
CDNs
Arrange for the transport of data content to cache servers dispersed throughout the internet.
Anytime I want to see content, I connect to a nearby CDN server.
Net Neutrality Basics
Supports open internet order
No blocking or degrading lawful content
No contractual deals between broadband networks and internet content providers for favoured treatment
Transparency: Broadband ISP’s must disclose practices, performance, and commercial terms of its broadband internet services.
Analog and digital are a means of
transporting data.
Analogous
Transmitting information in continuous wave forms.
Digital
Data is converted into binary digits, no loss of fidelity.
Open architecture networking
objective is total connectivity
all platforms and all operating systems treated as equal
Internet Governance
Internet controlled by different groups
Multi-stakeholder
Net Neutrality under Obama
Strict net neutrality rules and the strongest net neurtrality laws the U.S. has seen.
Internet providers can’t charge for different content and can’t prioritize content.
FCC: No blocking content
No throttling
No paid prioritization
Net Neutrality under Trump
FCC under Trump: no net neutrality law
HOWEVER, many states have banned state agencies from doing business with companies that don’t uphold net neutrality.
In California they have strict net neutrality laws, as a result many business are upholding net neutrality because they don’t want to mess with California. However the feds are sueing California. (yikes)
Net Neutrality in Canada (1993 telecoms act)
No unjust discrimination
No unjust preference to any person
Leave the content alone
Net neutrality in effect however throttling is permitted IF carriers disclose that they are messing with the content, why they are doing that, and how it impacts the consumers. Carriers do not want to deal with this so essentially Canada has net neutrality.
Who won in Ben Klass v.s. Bell?
Ben Klass, both times.
