Week 4 Flashcards
The male reproductive role is to manufacture the male ___ called sperm and deliver them to the female reproductive tract.
gametes
In the corpus luteum, _____ cells secrete progesterone and some estrogen. The _____ cells secrete estrogen only
- Granulosa lutein cells
2. Theca interna cells
Once ovulated, the secondary oocyte enters an _____. Finger-like extensions (____) direct the oocyte into the _____, and the oocyte passes through several chambers.
- Oviduct or fallopian (ovarian/uterine) tube
- Fimbrae
- Oviduct or Fallopian tube
Secretions and mucosal cilia _____(location) move ovum toward uterus. Cilia ______(location) move sperm towards ovaries
- On ridges
2. In grooves
Fertilization typically occurs in the ____(location) of the oviduct
- Upper 1/3
In the oviduct/Fallopian tube, cilia on ridges _____ while cilia in grooves _____
- Beat towards uterus
2. Beat towards ovaries
Mucosal folds will fuse in the oviducts/Fallopian tubes in which type of infection?
Chlamydia infection
The uterus lies between which two body parts?
Urinary bladder and rectum
What are the three main parts of the uterus?
- Fundus
- Body
- Cervix (neck)
The ____ is the inner lining of the uterus. Lost during day 1 to day 6 of menstrual cycle (period = _____). Then it builds up again in anticipation of fertilized egg that implants as a _____ about 7 days after fertilization. This lining provides _____ and _____.
- Endometrium
- Menses
- Blastocyst
- Protection and nourishment
The endometrium is made of stratum ____ and stratum ____.
Stratum functionalis (blood from by spiral arteries) Stratum basalis (blood from straight arteries)
The stratum ____ layer of the endometrium undergoes cyclic changes I’m response to blood levels of ovarian hormones and is shed during menstruation.
Functionalis
- the basal layer forms the functionalis AFTER menstruation ends
The cervix has an opening near vagina and is referred to as the ____os. This is where semen is deposited during intercourse. Whereas the ____ os opens into the uterine cavity.
- External os = for semen
2. Internal os = to uterine cavity
The cervix has ____, which are mucus producing glands. Sperm can hide here.
Crypts
The cervix is the site of _____, which is a check to determine health of cervix and is reliable in detecting cancer.
Papanicolaou (pap) smear
____ channels in fertile mucosa act as genetic filters, to nourish and prepare sperm for egg penetration and aid in spermatozoon migration through reproductive tract
Pareliel channels
Not fertile mucus discharged by the female reproductive tract can be described as:
Dry/tacky/thick OR Creamy/sticky
Semi fertile mucus discharged by the female reproductive tract can be described as:
Cloudy/stretchy
Fertile mucus discharged by the female reproductive tract can be described as:
Watery/stretchy/ egg white
The vagina is a thin tube between the rectum and _____. Bacteria in the vagina promote low pH (acidic) which retards ____ growth.
- Bladder
2. Yeast
Walls of the vagina secrete slippery fluid (derived from ____) during sexual excitement (___ can be painful without it)
- Blood plasma (vagina does not have glands)
2. Coitus
The epithelia of the vagina is made of _____
Mucous membranes of Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium.
Contains fibrous lamina propria
In the luteal phase estrogen levels are ___ while progesterone levels are ____.
_____ and ____ hormones are inhibited
- Low (estrogen in Luteal)
- High (progesterone in luteal)
- Luteninzing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
Oral contraceptives are high in ____, which inhibits follicle stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone
Progesterone
Embryologically, mammary glands develop along ____, extending from the axillae to the groin
Milk lines
An accessory nipple is called _____, while an accessory breast is called ______.
- Polythelia
2. Polymastia
There are 12-15 ___ glands in each breast. These glands are:
- modified ___ glands
- in lobes (groups). Each group with duct that opens independently to surface of nipple
- Lactiferous glands
2. Modified Sweat glands
In the mammary gland, ____ ligaments can stretch with age. The nipple has muscular network allowing erection reflex due to ____(3).
- Coopers ligament
2. Cold temps, sexual arousal, tactile stimulation
The ___ is the pigmented area around the nipple that contains ____ glands (enlarged on surface as ____ during pregnancy) which secrete oil that protects the nipple during breast feeding
- Areola
- Sebaceous gland
- Montgomery’s tubercles
The areola ___ with pregnancy due to hormone effects on melanin production
Gets darker
Oxytocin stimulates milk ____.
Ejection
*myoepithelial cells (surround glandular villi) are stimulated by oxytocin to facilitate ejection of milk
[secretory unit of mammary gland]
In which follicle is the first polar body present?
Mature graafian
The total number of ____ have developed before puberty in the female reproductive system.
Primordial follicles
The ____ cells secrete most of the follicular estradiol
Theca interna cells
During the course of normal menstrual cycle, the ____ hormone negatively feeds back on the release of follicle-stimulating hormone
Estrogen inhibits follicle stimulating hormone*
A 13 yr old starts menstruating. When she comes to your office to ask how the uterine lining can regrow, you tell her that the ____ is always present in the endometrium and the _____ responds to the cycling of ovarian hormones
- Stratum basalis
2. Stratum functionalis
A 31 yr old female is trying to get pregnant. She has been monitoring secretions that she samples close to the fornix of her vagina. Where do secretions that correlate with fertility come from?
Mucus-secreting cells in cervix
The cochlear branch of the Cranial nerve ____ allows for hearing
CN VIII
The fluid in the inner ear is more difficult to compress than the air in the _____, so the ____ is larger (15x) than the oval window, meaning impedance matching is necessary. (Think elephant in stilettos)
- Outer ear
2. Tympanic membrane
Protection of hear by two tiny muscles:
- ____ attaches to malleus to increase tension on ear drum and prevent damage to inner ear
- ____ smallest skeletal muscle. Dampens large vibrations of stapes to protect oval window
- Tensor tympani
2. Stapedius
The cochlear of the inner ear is the ___ chamber
Spiral bony
Fluid filled chambers of ear: ____ of the scala media (___) is high in potassium, which causes depolarization in hair cells during transduction
- Endolymph
2. Cochlear duct
The organ of corti contains a ____ membrane, ____ rows of outer hair cells, axons of bipolar cells of the _____ (auditory nerve), a single row of inner hairs, and a basilar membrane.
- Tectorial
- Three
- Spiral ganglion
Hair cell of the ear is also called ____
Stereocilia
The inner hair cells are the ___ receptor cells for audition
Sensory
Vibration of the basilar membrane of the organ of corti (in ear) _____ stereocilia
Deflect
During _____ in the ear, movement from the tectorial membrane causes the terminal from bipolar cells of the spiral ganglion to release neurotransmitters creating action potential in hair cells. _____ is caused by opening of voltage dependent Ca++ channels. K+ channels are then opened.
- Transduction
2. Depolarization
Outer hair cells protect ____ from damage by loud noises. The outer hair cells lift the tectorial membrane in response to _____
- Inner hair cells
2. Volume
The vestibular complex system in the inner ear is responsible for _____
Equilibrium
Receptor areas of vestibular system:
- Within the semicircular canals- _______
- Within the vestibule- _____ and _____
- Ampullae
2. Utricle and Saccule
Vestibular sensory apparatus:
The ____ contains s region of hair cells and ___ that send signals to the brain concerning the orientation of the head
- Sacculus
2. Otoliths (ear stones)
Structure of the macula:
The otolithic membrane moves. It contains 2 types of cilia that _____.
Within the otolithic membrane, the otoliths add ___.
Hair cells depolarize and release NTs
Primary ___ neurons depolarize.
- Bend (kinocilium and stereocilium)
- Weight/mass
- Afferent
____cells produce androgens, most importantly testosterone.
Leydig cells
____ are specialized supporting cells in the seminerferous tubules of the testes
Sustentacularcells or Sertolicells
____ is the transformation of a spermatid to a function sperm.
Spermiogenesis
Seminiferous epithelium:
The tight junctions between the ___ cells form the blood-testis barrier. These cells provide essential signals and nutrients to the dividing cells
Sertoli cells
_____ are a tubular network on the posterior side of the testis
Rete testis
The epididymis contains _____ epithelum cells with stereo cilia
pseudostratified
The ____ is about 45 cm long. It runs upward as a part of the spermatic cord from the epididymis through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity.
ductus deferens/ vas deferens
In the ductus deferens, the ____ is psuedostratified epithelium, just like the epididymis. However, its muscular layer is extremely thick
mucosa
The lining of the ductus deferens/vas deferens is made of pseudostartified ___ with stereo cilia
columnar
The _____ gland produces a thick clear fluid some of which drains into the urethra and neutralizes traces of acid urine in the urethra
The bulbourethra (Cowper’s) gland
The penis is the ____ organ that is designed to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract.
copulatory
The _____ are located in the upper pelvic cavity. They produce ova through meiosis (____)
- Ovaries
2. oogenesis
The female sex hormones:
____ from cells of maturing follicles (before ovulation)
____ from corpus luteum (“body yellow”) from remaining follicle cells after ovulation
- Estrogens (esp. estradiol) *Dominant before ovulation
2. Progesterone *Dominant after ovulation
The medulla (of the ovaries) has individual ___ cells that make an androgen.
hilus
Growth/Development of Ovarian Follicle:
____ -1 layer of squamous, follicle cells around oocyte.
____ - two or more layers of cuboidal or columnar cells around oocyte.
____ - follicular fluid accumulating in antrum, addition of theca externa (Theca interna cells make steroids converted to estradiol.)
____ - single antrum, corona radiata, and cumulus oophorus
- Primordial follicle
- Primary follicle
- Secondary (or antral) follicle
- Mature (or Graaffian) follicle
Embryonic and fetal period:
___ are diploid (2n=46) cells that are the origin oocytes. Mitotic divisions of ___ produce primary oocytes, which are diploid cells. Primary oocytes start the process of meiosis but are arrested in _____
- oogonia
- oogonia
- the first meiotic prophase
Childhood: Ovary is inactive. It houses ___ follicles
primordial follicles
Monthly, from puberty to menopause:
Approximately 20 primordial follicles mature into ___ follicles every month. A few of these follicles mature into ___ follicles
- primary
2. secondary follicles
Ovulation is caused directly by ____
Once the secondary oocyte is ovulated, the follicle becomes a ____
The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen to promote thickening of the ___
- Leutenizing hormone
- corpus luteum
- uterine lining for pregnancy.
If fertilization occurs, the placenta will maintain an elevated level of ___ hormones to maintain the uterine lining.
Without fertilization, hormone levels decrease (due to ____), and the uterine lining is shed (menses).
- steroid
2. the deterioration of the corpus luteum
Acceleration of gravity has a sustained response on the ear’s _______, where as inertia has a transient effect
otoliths
Ampulla = _____. Ampullae detect _____ (Head Rotation).
- Crista Ampullaris
2. Angular Acceleration
____ provides same function as otoliths.
Cupula
As the head turns, the ____ lags behind, pushes cupula and stimulates hair cells
Endolymph
Hair Cells in Semicircular Ducts work in ____ pairs
Opposite
Vestibular Ganglia is also known as the ____
Scarpa’s Ganglia
There are three layers of the eye:
Fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, retina
Within the layers of the eye:
Fibrous tunic-
Vascular tunic-
Retina-
- Fibrous tunic - Sclera and Cornea
- Vascular tunic- Iris, Ciliary body, Choroid
- Retina- Pigmented layer and Neural layer
Fibrous tunic- Sclera:
Location- Opaque white posterior 5/6th of the external layer of the eye
Tissue- ______
Role- Protects delicate internal structures and offers sites for _____
- Relatively avascular, dense fibrous coat of connective tissue
- extra-ocular muscle attachment
Fibrous tunic- Cornea
Outer layer: epithelium is ____
Inner layer: endothelium is ____
- Stratified squamous
2. Simple squamous
Vascular tunic- Ciliary body
- Location- Thickened ring of tissue that _______. Posteriorly is continuous with the ___ and anteriorly with the ____.
- Three functions:
- Accommodation
- ______
- Anchor lens in place
- Encircles the lens; Choroid; Iris.
2. Aqueous humor production and resorption
Near vision = focusing on near objects
Decreases ____ of ciliary muscle
Diameter
“eyestrain” from studying
Far vision = focusing on far objects
no eyestrain. Ciliary muscle is ____
Stretched
_____ is a condition in the eye with a backup of fluid.
This fluid backup due to poor drainage into _______
- Glaucoma
2. Scleral Venous Sinus (Canal of Schlemm)
Vascular tunic- Iris
Radially extended processes from the _____ cells make up the very thin ______ (DPM).
_____ innervation – causes pupillary dilatation
_____ (SPM) – circular array of smooth muscle near the pupillary margin
_____ innervation – causes pupillary constriction
- Myoepithelial
- Dilator pupillae muscle (DPM)
- Sympathetic
- Sphincter pupillae muscle (SPM)
- Parasympathetic
Pupillary constriction = ‘bad cards’ poker
Caused by contraction of _____ from parasympathetic innervation
Sphincter pupillae muscle SPM
Pupillary dialation = good cards/ drugs
Caused by contraction of ___ from sympathetic innervation
Dialator pupillae muscle DPM
Photoreceptors- _____:
- abundant in the periphery of retina
- best for low light conditions
- see black/white and shades of gray
- “Night vision” (large receptive fields)
Rods
Photoreceptors- _____:
- abundant around fovea
- best for bright light conditions
- Detect different wavelengths i.e. color (RGB)
- Sharpest vision (small receptive fields)
Cones
Long wavelength is associated with the color ___
Medium wavelength is associated with the color ___
Short wavelength is associated with the color ___
Red
Green
Blue
Taste Buds:
1. Sensory, receptor cells have ____ at their surface to increase surface area for detecting tastants.
2. Taste ____ occurs in the microvilli.
3. Taste receptor cells are not neurons; they are ___ cells innervated by ___ nerves.
If taste buds lose innervation, they disappear but can regenerate with new innervation and stem cell differentiation.
- Microvilli
- Transduction
- specialized epithelial cells innervated by cranial nerves
Taste bud innervation:
Tongue is innervated by cranial nerves VII, IX, and X:
VIII- The facial nerve (chorda tympani branch) innervates the ___ tongue.
IX- The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the ___ tongue.
X- The vagus nerve innervates the ___.
VIII - anterior
IX - posterior
X - epiglottis
What is responsible for the displacement of stereocilia of hair cells during sound transduction?
Deflection of the basilar membrane
A 7 year old male turns his head and causes changes in his inner ear. What detects the head rotation?
Ampulla in the semicircular canals
The _________contains cell bodies of the vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII, and ___________ contains cell bodies of the auditory branch of cranial nerve VIII.
- Scarpa’s ganglion
2. Spiral ganglion
A 35 year old male presents with nausea, severe eye pain, and blurred vision. Eye pressure testing suggests glaucoma. What is the most likely cause of the pressure build up within the eye?
Blockage of the scleral venous sinus
What causes constriction of the pupil?
Sphincter pupillae muscle
There is a picture of the retina with different layers.. Remember name with number 8. \_\_\_ cells 6. Bipolar cells including \_\_\_ 4. Rods and Cones 2. \_\_\_\_\_
- Ganglion
- Horizontal and Amacrine Cells
- Rods and cones
- Pigmented retina
The retina contains two distinct types of photoreceptors. Which responds best to bright light conditions, detects different wavelengths of color, and has the sharpest vision?
Cones
____ are nerve cells that form the conducting system that carries information throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems.
neurons
Neurons can be divided into four regions:
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
Synaptic terminal
Neuron region- _____:
The receptive portion of the neuron, and receive most synaptic afferent inputs from upstream neurons
Dendrites
Neuron region- _____:
Also the soma
Is the integrative portion of the neuron.
Contains the nucleus and most of the organelles of the neuron, surrounded by the cytoplasm or perikaryon.
Cell body
Neuron region- _______:
Extends away from the soma and is the conductile portion of the neuron. Efferent signals flow down the axon in one direction, toward the terminal branches. Axons can be up to a meter long
Axon
Neuron region- ______:
At the end of the axon notable for its high concentration of vesicles containing neurotransmitters. This is the effector portion of the neuron; when an action potential reaches the terminal, the content of the vesicles is released and either excite or inhibit the next neuron.
Synaptic Terminal
There are three basic neuron types:
Multipolar neuron, Bipolar neuron, Unipolar neuron
Multipolar neuron:
____ - Cerebral cortex
____ - Cerebellar cortex
Retinal neuron
Pyramidal
Perkinje
Bipolar neuron:
Retina and ____ epithelium
olfactory
Pseudounipolar neuron:
sensory ___ arc
spinal reflex
Unipolar neuron:
___
embryonic
____ - Multiple dendrites extending from the cell body and a single axon extending in the opposite direction.
Multipolar neuron
____- Single dendrite that extends from the cell body, opposite the side from which the single axon extends
Bipolar neuron
____- A single axon that splits into one branch that runs to the peripheral tissues and a second branch that leads to the spinal cord
Unipolar neuron
____ - The last site in the soma where membrane potentials propagated from synaptic inputs are summated before being transmitted to the axon. It’s a conical elevation of the cell body from which the single axon extends.
Axon hillock
____ - Are found in the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system. Neuron’s axon and its myelin sheath.
Nerve Fibers
____ cells form the sheath around axons, each forms the sheath for just one neuron. The myelin sheath is interrupted at intervals along the axon by the nodes of Ranvier.
Schwann cells
Central Nervous System
_____ wrap around the axons of neurons to form myelin sheaths
Oligodendrocytes
One oligodendrocyte can myelinate:
Multiple neurons
In ____ axons, the currents can hop between nodes and travels much faster compared to an _____ axon of similar diameter
- Myelinated
2. Unmyelinated
Types of Neuolgia:
Central Nervous System-
Peripheral Nervous System-
CNS- Ependymal, Astrocytes, Oligodendrocyte, Microglia
PNS- Satelite, Schwann
Satelite Glial cells:
- Cover the surface of nerve cell bodies in ___
- Are derived from the ___ of the embryo
- Control over the microenvironment, similar to ____ in the central nervous system
- They supply ___ to the surrounding neurons
- They express a variety of receptors for interactions with _____
- sensory: sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia.
- neural crest
- astrocytes
- nutrients
- neuroactive chemicals
*Also Act as protective, cushioning cells.
_____ - Line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. Derived from epithelial cells and produce cerebrospinal fluid.
Ependymal cells
Ependymal cells form epithelium called ____. Lines central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain: secrete cerebrospinal fluid CSF.
- have cilia or microvilli that circulate CSF
- contain stem cells for repair
Ependyma
Astrocytes are derived from the ___. Regulate the metabolic environment of the extracellular space. Through connections called ____, signals from astrocytes expand or narrow blood vessels
- ectoderm
2. “end feet”
Neuroglia (nerve glue) help to form ____. Microglia include: ___ (grey matter), ___ (white matter).
- Blood brain barrier
- Protoplasmic astrocyte (grey)
- Fibrous astrocyte (white)
Microglia are of ___ origin. They are among neurons and around capillaries. They are ___ and are the CNS counterpart of connective tissue macrophages
- Mesodermal
2. Phagocytic
Oligodendroglia form ___ cells
Schwann sheath
The spinal cord is enclosed by the vertebral column extending from the ___ of the skull to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra
foramen magnum
In the Spinal cord, the posterior horns are for ____, while the anterior horns are for ____.
- Sensory
2. Motor
___ fibers carry impulses from the peripheral sensory receptors form the ___ roots of the spinal cord.
The ventral horns serve motor movements.
The __ horns are autonomic motor neurons
- Afferent fibers; dorsal
2. lateral
The ____ is the portion of the nervous system where our conscious mind is found.
cerebral cortex
____ control the precise or skilled movements of our skeletal muscles
Pyramidal cells
*abundant in cerebral cortex
____ plays a role in planning the movements rather
than executing the movements
Cerebellum
____ -membrane covering the brain and spinal cord. They affix the brain to the skull so that the brain is suspended.
Meninges
Meninges are made of three layers:
dura, arachnoid, and pia
In the Meninges, the ___ space contains CSF, and communicate directly with the ventricular system.
subarachnoid
Cerebrospinal fluid-
___% water and ions.
Creates optimal ionic concentrations for action potentials circulation nutrients and waste products to and from bloodstream
90%
____ - A capillary tuft surrounded by ependymal cells
The choroid plexus
CSF is reabsorbed through ___ (grape-like clusters of arachnoid penetrate dural venous sinus)
arachnoid villi
20ml/hour reabsorption rate = same as production rate
____ - enlarged head due to brain with enlarged ventricles. It is a condition in which fluid accumulates in the brain, typically in young children, sometimes causing brain damage
Hydrocephalus
