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Microanatomy > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The male reproductive role is to manufacture the male ___ called sperm and deliver them to the female reproductive tract.

A

gametes

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2
Q

In the corpus luteum, _____ cells secrete progesterone and some estrogen. The _____ cells secrete estrogen only

A
  1. Granulosa lutein cells

2. Theca interna cells

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3
Q

Once ovulated, the secondary oocyte enters an _____. Finger-like extensions (____) direct the oocyte into the _____, and the oocyte passes through several chambers.

A
  1. Oviduct or fallopian (ovarian/uterine) tube
  2. Fimbrae
  3. Oviduct or Fallopian tube
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4
Q

Secretions and mucosal cilia _____(location) move ovum toward uterus. Cilia ______(location) move sperm towards ovaries

A
  1. On ridges

2. In grooves

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5
Q

Fertilization typically occurs in the ____(location) of the oviduct

A
  1. Upper 1/3
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6
Q

In the oviduct/Fallopian tube, cilia on ridges _____ while cilia in grooves _____

A
  1. Beat towards uterus

2. Beat towards ovaries

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7
Q

Mucosal folds will fuse in the oviducts/Fallopian tubes in which type of infection?

A

Chlamydia infection

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8
Q

The uterus lies between which two body parts?

A

Urinary bladder and rectum

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9
Q

What are the three main parts of the uterus?

A
  1. Fundus
  2. Body
  3. Cervix (neck)
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10
Q

The ____ is the inner lining of the uterus. Lost during day 1 to day 6 of menstrual cycle (period = _____). Then it builds up again in anticipation of fertilized egg that implants as a _____ about 7 days after fertilization. This lining provides _____ and _____.

A
  1. Endometrium
  2. Menses
  3. Blastocyst
  4. Protection and nourishment
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11
Q

The endometrium is made of stratum ____ and stratum ____.

A 
Stratum functionalis (blood from by spiral arteries)
Stratum basalis (blood from straight arteries)
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12
Q

The stratum ____ layer of the endometrium undergoes cyclic changes I’m response to blood levels of ovarian hormones and is shed during menstruation.

A

Functionalis

  • the basal layer forms the functionalis AFTER menstruation ends
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13
Q

The cervix has an opening near vagina and is referred to as the ____os. This is where semen is deposited during intercourse. Whereas the ____ os opens into the uterine cavity.

A
  1. External os = for semen

2. Internal os = to uterine cavity

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14
Q

The cervix has ____, which are mucus producing glands. Sperm can hide here.

A

Crypts

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15
Q

The cervix is the site of _____, which is a check to determine health of cervix and is reliable in detecting cancer.

A

Papanicolaou (pap) smear

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16
Q

____ channels in fertile mucosa act as genetic filters, to nourish and prepare sperm for egg penetration and aid in spermatozoon migration through reproductive tract

A

Pareliel channels

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17
Q

Not fertile mucus discharged by the female reproductive tract can be described as:

A

Dry/tacky/thick OR Creamy/sticky

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18
Q

Semi fertile mucus discharged by the female reproductive tract can be described as:

A

Cloudy/stretchy

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19
Q

Fertile mucus discharged by the female reproductive tract can be described as:

A

Watery/stretchy/ egg white

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20
Q

The vagina is a thin tube between the rectum and _____. Bacteria in the vagina promote low pH (acidic) which retards ____ growth.

A
  1. Bladder

2. Yeast

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21
Q

Walls of the vagina secrete slippery fluid (derived from ____) during sexual excitement (___ can be painful without it)

A
  1. Blood plasma (vagina does not have glands)

2. Coitus

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22
Q

The epithelia of the vagina is made of _____

A

Mucous membranes of Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium.
Contains fibrous lamina propria

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23
Q

In the luteal phase estrogen levels are ___ while progesterone levels are ____.
_____ and ____ hormones are inhibited

A
  1. Low (estrogen in Luteal)
  2. High (progesterone in luteal)
  3. Luteninzing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
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24
Q

Oral contraceptives are high in ____, which inhibits follicle stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone

A

Progesterone

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25
Q

Embryologically, mammary glands develop along ____, extending from the axillae to the groin

A

Milk lines

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26
Q

An accessory nipple is called _____, while an accessory breast is called ______.

A
  1. Polythelia

2. Polymastia

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27
Q

There are 12-15 ___ glands in each breast. These glands are:

  • modified ___ glands
  • in lobes (groups). Each group with duct that opens independently to surface of nipple
A
  1. Lactiferous glands

2. Modified Sweat glands

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28
Q

In the mammary gland, ____ ligaments can stretch with age. The nipple has muscular network allowing erection reflex due to ____(3).

A
  1. Coopers ligament

2. Cold temps, sexual arousal, tactile stimulation

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29
Q

The ___ is the pigmented area around the nipple that contains ____ glands (enlarged on surface as ____ during pregnancy) which secrete oil that protects the nipple during breast feeding

A
  1. Areola
  2. Sebaceous gland
  3. Montgomery’s tubercles
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30
Q

The areola ___ with pregnancy due to hormone effects on melanin production

A

Gets darker

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31
Q

Oxytocin stimulates milk ____.

A

Ejection

*myoepithelial cells (surround glandular villi) are stimulated by oxytocin to facilitate ejection of milk
[secretory unit of mammary gland]

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32
Q

In which follicle is the first polar body present?

A

Mature graafian

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33
Q

The total number of ____ have developed before puberty in the female reproductive system.

A

Primordial follicles

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34
Q

The ____ cells secrete most of the follicular estradiol

A

Theca interna cells

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35
Q

During the course of normal menstrual cycle, the ____ hormone negatively feeds back on the release of follicle-stimulating hormone

A

Estrogen inhibits follicle stimulating hormone*

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36
Q

A 13 yr old starts menstruating. When she comes to your office to ask how the uterine lining can regrow, you tell her that the ____ is always present in the endometrium and the _____ responds to the cycling of ovarian hormones

A
  1. Stratum basalis

2. Stratum functionalis

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37
Q

A 31 yr old female is trying to get pregnant. She has been monitoring secretions that she samples close to the fornix of her vagina. Where do secretions that correlate with fertility come from?

A

Mucus-secreting cells in cervix

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38
Q

The cochlear branch of the Cranial nerve ____ allows for hearing

A

CN VIII

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39
Q

The fluid in the inner ear is more difficult to compress than the air in the _____, so the ____ is larger (15x) than the oval window, meaning impedance matching is necessary. (Think elephant in stilettos)

A
  1. Outer ear

2. Tympanic membrane

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40
Q

Protection of hear by two tiny muscles:

  1. ____ attaches to malleus to increase tension on ear drum and prevent damage to inner ear
  2. ____ smallest skeletal muscle. Dampens large vibrations of stapes to protect oval window
A
  1. Tensor tympani

2. Stapedius

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41
Q

The cochlear of the inner ear is the ___ chamber

A

Spiral bony

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42
Q

Fluid filled chambers of ear: ____ of the scala media (___) is high in potassium, which causes depolarization in hair cells during transduction

A
  1. Endolymph

2. Cochlear duct

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43
Q

The organ of corti contains a ____ membrane, ____ rows of outer hair cells, axons of bipolar cells of the _____ (auditory nerve), a single row of inner hairs, and a basilar membrane.

A
  1. Tectorial
  2. Three
  3. Spiral ganglion
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44
Q

Hair cell of the ear is also called ____

A

Stereocilia

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45
Q

The inner hair cells are the ___ receptor cells for audition

A

Sensory

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46
Q

Vibration of the basilar membrane of the organ of corti (in ear) _____ stereocilia

A

Deflect

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47
Q

During _____ in the ear, movement from the tectorial membrane causes the terminal from bipolar cells of the spiral ganglion to release neurotransmitters creating action potential in hair cells. _____ is caused by opening of voltage dependent Ca++ channels. K+ channels are then opened.

A
  1. Transduction

2. Depolarization

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48
Q

Outer hair cells protect ____ from damage by loud noises. The outer hair cells lift the tectorial membrane in response to _____

A
  1. Inner hair cells

2. Volume

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49
Q

The vestibular complex system in the inner ear is responsible for _____

A

Equilibrium

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50
Q

Receptor areas of vestibular system:

  1. Within the semicircular canals- _______
  2. Within the vestibule- _____ and _____
A
  1. Ampullae

2. Utricle and Saccule

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51
Q

Vestibular sensory apparatus:

The ____ contains s region of hair cells and ___ that send signals to the brain concerning the orientation of the head

A
  1. Sacculus

2. Otoliths (ear stones)

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52
Q

Structure of the macula:
The otolithic membrane moves. It contains 2 types of cilia that _____.
Within the otolithic membrane, the otoliths add ___.
Hair cells depolarize and release NTs
Primary ___ neurons depolarize.

A
  1. Bend (kinocilium and stereocilium)
  2. Weight/mass
  3. Afferent
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53
Q

____cells produce androgens, most importantly testosterone.

A

Leydig cells

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54
Q

____ are specialized supporting cells in the seminerferous tubules of the testes

A

Sustentacularcells or Sertolicells

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55
Q

____ is the transformation of a spermatid to a function sperm.

A

Spermiogenesis

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56
Q

Seminiferous epithelium:
The tight junctions between the ___ cells form the blood-testis barrier. These cells provide essential signals and nutrients to the dividing cells

A

Sertoli cells

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57
Q

_____ are a tubular network on the posterior side of the testis

A

Rete testis

58
Q

The epididymis contains _____ epithelum cells with stereo cilia

A

pseudostratified

59
Q

The ____ is about 45 cm long. It runs upward as a part of the spermatic cord from the epididymis through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity.

A

ductus deferens/ vas deferens

60
Q

In the ductus deferens, the ____ is psuedostratified epithelium, just like the epididymis. However, its muscular layer is extremely thick

A

mucosa

61
Q

The lining of the ductus deferens/vas deferens is made of pseudostartified ___ with stereo cilia

A

columnar

62
Q

The _____ gland produces a thick clear fluid some of which drains into the urethra and neutralizes traces of acid urine in the urethra

A

The bulbourethra (Cowper’s) gland

63
Q

The penis is the ____ organ that is designed to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract.

A

copulatory

64
Q

The _____ are located in the upper pelvic cavity. They produce ova through meiosis (____)

A
  1. Ovaries

2. oogenesis

65
Q

The female sex hormones:
____ from cells of maturing follicles (before ovulation)
____ from corpus luteum (“body yellow”) from remaining follicle cells after ovulation

A
  1. Estrogens (esp. estradiol) *Dominant before ovulation

2. Progesterone *Dominant after ovulation

66
Q

The medulla (of the ovaries) has individual ___ cells that make an androgen.

A

hilus

67
Q

Growth/Development of Ovarian Follicle:
____ -1 layer of squamous, follicle cells around oocyte.
____ - two or more layers of cuboidal or columnar cells around oocyte.
____ - follicular fluid accumulating in antrum, addition of theca externa (Theca interna cells make steroids converted to estradiol.)
____ - single antrum, corona radiata, and cumulus oophorus

A
  1. Primordial follicle
  2. Primary follicle
  3. Secondary (or antral) follicle
  4. Mature (or Graaffian) follicle
68
Q

Embryonic and fetal period:
___ are diploid (2n=46) cells that are the origin oocytes. Mitotic divisions of ___ produce primary oocytes, which are diploid cells. Primary oocytes start the process of meiosis but are arrested in _____

A
  1. oogonia
  2. oogonia
  3. the first meiotic prophase
69
Q

Childhood: Ovary is inactive. It houses ___ follicles

A

primordial follicles

70
Q

Monthly, from puberty to menopause:
Approximately 20 primordial follicles mature into ___ follicles every month. A few of these follicles mature into ___ follicles

A
  1. primary

2. secondary follicles

71
Q

Ovulation is caused directly by ____
Once the secondary oocyte is ovulated, the follicle becomes a ____
The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen to promote thickening of the ___

A
  1. Leutenizing hormone
  2. corpus luteum
  3. uterine lining for pregnancy.
72
Q

If fertilization occurs, the placenta will maintain an elevated level of ___ hormones to maintain the uterine lining.
Without fertilization, hormone levels decrease (due to ____), and the uterine lining is shed (menses).

A
  1. steroid

2. the deterioration of the corpus luteum

73
Q

Acceleration of gravity has a sustained response on the ear’s _______, where as inertia has a transient effect

A

otoliths

74
Q

Ampulla = _____. Ampullae detect _____ (Head Rotation).

A
  1. Crista Ampullaris

2. Angular Acceleration

75
Q

____ provides same function as otoliths.

A

Cupula

76
Q

As the head turns, the ____ lags behind, pushes cupula and stimulates hair cells

A

Endolymph

77
Q

Hair Cells in Semicircular Ducts work in ____ pairs

A

Opposite

78
Q

Vestibular Ganglia is also known as the ____

A

Scarpa’s Ganglia

79
Q

There are three layers of the eye:

A

Fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, retina

80
Q

Within the layers of the eye:
Fibrous tunic-
Vascular tunic-
Retina-

A
  1. Fibrous tunic - Sclera and Cornea
  2. Vascular tunic- Iris, Ciliary body, Choroid
  3. Retina- Pigmented layer and Neural layer
81
Q

Fibrous tunic- Sclera:
Location- Opaque white posterior 5/6th of the external layer of the eye
Tissue- ______
Role- Protects delicate internal structures and offers sites for _____

A
  1. Relatively avascular, dense fibrous coat of connective tissue
  2. extra-ocular muscle attachment
82
Q

Fibrous tunic- Cornea
Outer layer: epithelium is ____
Inner layer: endothelium is ____

A
  1. Stratified squamous

2. Simple squamous

83
Q

Vascular tunic- Ciliary body

  1. Location- Thickened ring of tissue that _______. Posteriorly is continuous with the ___ and anteriorly with the ____.
  2. Three functions:
    - Accommodation
    - ______
    - Anchor lens in place
A
  1. Encircles the lens; Choroid; Iris.

2. Aqueous humor production and resorption

84
Q

Near vision = focusing on near objects

Decreases ____ of ciliary muscle

A

Diameter

“eyestrain” from studying

85
Q

Far vision = focusing on far objects

no eyestrain. Ciliary muscle is ____

A

Stretched

86
Q

_____ is a condition in the eye with a backup of fluid.

This fluid backup due to poor drainage into _______

A
  1. Glaucoma

2. Scleral Venous Sinus (Canal of Schlemm)

87
Q

Vascular tunic- Iris
Radially extended processes from the _____ cells make up the very thin ______ (DPM).
_____ innervation – causes pupillary dilatation
_____ (SPM) – circular array of smooth muscle near the pupillary margin
_____ innervation – causes pupillary constriction

A
  1. Myoepithelial
  2. Dilator pupillae muscle (DPM)
  3. Sympathetic
  4. Sphincter pupillae muscle (SPM)
  5. Parasympathetic
88
Q

Pupillary constriction = ‘bad cards’ poker

Caused by contraction of _____ from parasympathetic innervation

A

Sphincter pupillae muscle SPM

89
Q

Pupillary dialation = good cards/ drugs

Caused by contraction of ___ from sympathetic innervation

A

Dialator pupillae muscle DPM

90
Q

Photoreceptors- _____:

  1. abundant in the periphery of retina
  2. best for low light conditions
  3. see black/white and shades of gray
  4. “Night vision” (large receptive fields)
A

Rods

91
Q

Photoreceptors- _____:

  1. abundant around fovea
  2. best for bright light conditions
  3. Detect different wavelengths i.e. color (RGB)
  4. Sharpest vision (small receptive fields)
A

Cones

92
Q

Long wavelength is associated with the color ___
Medium wavelength is associated with the color ___
Short wavelength is associated with the color ___

A

Red
Green
Blue

93
Q

Taste Buds:
1. Sensory, receptor cells have ____ at their surface to increase surface area for detecting tastants.
2. Taste ____ occurs in the microvilli.
3. Taste receptor cells are not neurons; they are ___ cells innervated by ___ nerves.
If taste buds lose innervation, they disappear but can regenerate with new innervation and stem cell differentiation.

A
  1. Microvilli
  2. Transduction
  3. specialized epithelial cells innervated by cranial nerves
94
Q

Taste bud innervation:
Tongue is innervated by cranial nerves VII, IX, and X:
VIII- The facial nerve (chorda tympani branch) innervates the ___ tongue.
IX- The glossopharyngeal nerve innervates the ___ tongue.
X- The vagus nerve innervates the ___.

A

VIII - anterior
IX - posterior
X - epiglottis

95
Q

What is responsible for the displacement of stereocilia of hair cells during sound transduction?

A

Deflection of the basilar membrane

96
Q

A 7 year old male turns his head and causes changes in his inner ear. What detects the head rotation?

A

Ampulla in the semicircular canals

97
Q

The _________contains cell bodies of the vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII, and ___________ contains cell bodies of the auditory branch of cranial nerve VIII.

A
  1. Scarpa’s ganglion

2. Spiral ganglion

98
Q

A 35 year old male presents with nausea, severe eye pain, and blurred vision. Eye pressure testing suggests glaucoma. What is the most likely cause of the pressure build up within the eye?

A

Blockage of the scleral venous sinus

99
Q

What causes constriction of the pupil?

A

Sphincter pupillae muscle

100
Q 
There is a picture of the retina with different layers..
Remember name with number
8. \_\_\_ cells
6. Bipolar cells including \_\_\_
4. Rods and Cones
2. \_\_\_\_\_
A
  1. Ganglion
  2. Horizontal and Amacrine Cells
  3. Rods and cones
  4. Pigmented retina
101
Q

The retina contains two distinct types of photoreceptors. Which responds best to bright light conditions, detects different wavelengths of color, and has the sharpest vision?

A

Cones

102
Q

____ are nerve cells that form the conducting system that carries information throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems.

A

neurons

103
Q

Neurons can be divided into four regions:

A

Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
Synaptic terminal

104
Q

Neuron region- _____:

The receptive portion of the neuron, and receive most synaptic afferent inputs from upstream neurons

A

Dendrites

105
Q

Neuron region- _____:
Also the soma
Is the integrative portion of the neuron.
Contains the nucleus and most of the organelles of the neuron, surrounded by the cytoplasm or perikaryon.

A

Cell body

106
Q

Neuron region- _______:
Extends away from the soma and is the conductile portion of the neuron. Efferent signals flow down the axon in one direction, toward the terminal branches. Axons can be up to a meter long

A

Axon

107
Q

Neuron region- ______:
At the end of the axon notable for its high concentration of vesicles containing neurotransmitters. This is the effector portion of the neuron; when an action potential reaches the terminal, the content of the vesicles is released and either excite or inhibit the next neuron.

A

Synaptic Terminal

108
Q

There are three basic neuron types:

A

Multipolar neuron, Bipolar neuron, Unipolar neuron

109
Q

Multipolar neuron:
____ - Cerebral cortex
____ - Cerebellar cortex
Retinal neuron

A

Pyramidal

Perkinje

110
Q

Bipolar neuron:

Retina and ____ epithelium

A

olfactory

111
Q

Pseudounipolar neuron:

sensory ___ arc

A

spinal reflex

112
Q

Unipolar neuron:

___

A

embryonic

113
Q

____ - Multiple dendrites extending from the cell body and a single axon extending in the opposite direction.

A

Multipolar neuron

114
Q

____- Single dendrite that extends from the cell body, opposite the side from which the single axon extends

A

Bipolar neuron

115
Q

____- A single axon that splits into one branch that runs to the peripheral tissues and a second branch that leads to the spinal cord

A

Unipolar neuron

116
Q

____ - The last site in the soma where membrane potentials propagated from synaptic inputs are summated before being transmitted to the axon. It’s a conical elevation of the cell body from which the single axon extends.

A

Axon hillock

117
Q

____ - Are found in the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system. Neuron’s axon and its myelin sheath.

A

Nerve Fibers

118
Q

____ cells form the sheath around axons, each forms the sheath for just one neuron. The myelin sheath is interrupted at intervals along the axon by the nodes of Ranvier.

A

Schwann cells

119
Q

Central Nervous System

_____ wrap around the axons of neurons to form myelin sheaths

A

Oligodendrocytes

120
Q

One oligodendrocyte can myelinate:

A

Multiple neurons

121
Q

In ____ axons, the currents can hop between nodes and travels much faster compared to an _____ axon of similar diameter

A
  1. Myelinated

2. Unmyelinated

122
Q

Types of Neuolgia:
Central Nervous System-
Peripheral Nervous System-

A

CNS- Ependymal, Astrocytes, Oligodendrocyte, Microglia

PNS- Satelite, Schwann

123
Q

Satelite Glial cells:

  • Cover the surface of nerve cell bodies in ___
  • Are derived from the ___ of the embryo
  • Control over the microenvironment, similar to ____ in the central nervous system
  • They supply ___ to the surrounding neurons
  • They express a variety of receptors for interactions with _____
A
  1. sensory: sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia.
  2. neural crest
  3. astrocytes
  4. nutrients
  5. neuroactive chemicals

*Also Act as protective, cushioning cells.

124
Q

_____ - Line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. Derived from epithelial cells and produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A

Ependymal cells

125
Q

Ependymal cells form epithelium called ____. Lines central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain: secrete cerebrospinal fluid CSF.

  • have cilia or microvilli that circulate CSF
  • contain stem cells for repair
A

Ependyma

126
Q

Astrocytes are derived from the ___. Regulate the metabolic environment of the extracellular space. Through connections called ____, signals from astrocytes expand or narrow blood vessels

A
  1. ectoderm

2. “end feet”

127
Q

Neuroglia (nerve glue) help to form ____. Microglia include: ___ (grey matter), ___ (white matter).

A
  1. Blood brain barrier
  2. Protoplasmic astrocyte (grey)
  3. Fibrous astrocyte (white)
128
Q

Microglia are of ___ origin. They are among neurons and around capillaries. They are ___ and are the CNS counterpart of connective tissue macrophages

A
  1. Mesodermal

2. Phagocytic

129
Q

Oligodendroglia form ___ cells

A

Schwann sheath

130
Q

The spinal cord is enclosed by the vertebral column extending from the ___ of the skull to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra

A

foramen magnum

131
Q

In the Spinal cord, the posterior horns are for ____, while the anterior horns are for ____.

A
  1. Sensory

2. Motor

132
Q

___ fibers carry impulses from the peripheral sensory receptors form the ___ roots of the spinal cord.
The ventral horns serve motor movements.
The __ horns are autonomic motor neurons

A
  1. Afferent fibers; dorsal

2. lateral

133
Q

The ____ is the portion of the nervous system where our conscious mind is found.

A

cerebral cortex

134
Q

____ control the precise or skilled movements of our skeletal muscles

A

Pyramidal cells

*abundant in cerebral cortex

135
Q

____ plays a role in planning the movements rather

than executing the movements

A

Cerebellum

136
Q

____ -membrane covering the brain and spinal cord. They affix the brain to the skull so that the brain is suspended.

A

Meninges

137
Q

Meninges are made of three layers:

A

dura, arachnoid, and pia

138
Q

In the Meninges, the ___ space contains CSF, and communicate directly with the ventricular system.

A

subarachnoid

139
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid-
___% water and ions.
Creates optimal ionic concentrations for action potentials circulation nutrients and waste products to and from bloodstream

A

90%

140
Q

____ - A capillary tuft surrounded by ependymal cells

A

The choroid plexus

141
Q

CSF is reabsorbed through ___ (grape-like clusters of arachnoid penetrate dural venous sinus)

A

arachnoid villi

20ml/hour reabsorption rate = same as production rate

142
Q

____ - enlarged head due to brain with enlarged ventricles. It is a condition in which fluid accumulates in the brain, typically in young children, sometimes causing brain damage

A

Hydrocephalus

Microanatomy (4 decks)

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