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Microanatomy > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A property of the cardiovascular system is its ____ system, which is a closed system with incompressible fluid

A

Hydraulic system

Ex: pump, flow, pressure, volume, viscosity

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2
Q

A property of the cardiovascular system is its ____, which is an hierarchal system of arborescent vessels

A

Irrigation

Ex: arterial, venous, portal, microvessels

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3
Q

In the heart, the ____ is a visceral layer of the pericardium. It is a low friction surface lined by a _____ in contact with the parietal pericardial space

A
  1. Epicardium

2. Mesothelium

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4
Q

The ______ layer of the heart, is a functional syncytium of striated cardiac muscle fibers. Three major types of cardiac muscle:

  • Atrial muscle
  • Ventricular muscle
  • Specialized _____ and conductive muscle fiber
A
  1. Myocardium

2. Excitatory

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5
Q

Heart Conduction:
____ impulse is delayed before reaching ventricles
_____ fibers conduct the impulse to all parts of ventricle

What is the order of impulses conducted by the heart?

A
  1. Atrial
  2. Purkinje

SA node -> AV node -> AV bundle (left and right branches) -> purkinje fibers

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6
Q

Vascular tunics have three layers. The innermost layer _______ (endothelium), the midlayer ______ (smooth muscle), and the outer layer ______ (connective tissue).

A
  1. Tunica intima = endothelium
  2. Tunic media = smooth muscle
  3. Túnica adventitia = connective tissue
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7
Q 
The tunica intima of Lg elastic arteries contain:
Endothelial tube made of \_\_\_\_\_
Subendothelium made of \_\_\_\_\_\_
Elastic lamina (poorly defined in LG vessels) made of \_\_\_\_\_
Elastica lamina (clearly defined in SM vessels) made of\_\_\_
A
  1. Endothelial cells
  2. Collagen and smooth muscle
  3. Fenestrated elastic and collagenous fibers and smooth muscle cells
  4. Scalloped layer of densely-packed elastic fibers

Large elastic arteries are also conducting arteries

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8
Q

The tunica media of Lg elastic arteries contain:

  • Concentric ______ lamellae of elastic fibers interspersed with collagen fibers and circumferentially-arranged ____ muscle cells.
  • Primarily ______ muscle with decrease in vessel size
  • A layer called _______, which is a distinct boundary between media and externa in smaller vessels
A
  1. Fenestrated
  2. Smooth
  3. Elastic externa

Large elastic arteries are also conducting arteries

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9
Q

The tunica adventitia of Lg elastic arteries contain:

  • Fibrous elements and _____ that gradually merge with surrounding connective tissue.
  • ________, which are small arteries that nourish the thick vessel wall by breaking up into capillary plexus deep in the adventitia
  • ________, is where ______ nerve endings terminate on vascular ____ muscle cells
A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Vasa vasorum
  3. Nervi vascularis; autonomic; smooth

Large elastic arteries are also conducting arteries

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10
Q

LG Vessels: ____ arteries are conducting arteries because they conduct blood from the heart to the medium sized distributing arteries

A

Elastic

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11
Q

Examples of Muscular or distributing arteries are?

A

Brachial, femoral, radial, etc

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12
Q

In muscular or distributing arteries:

  • In the tunica intima, the ____ surface of endothelial cells conform to irregularities in the scalloped contour of a well developed elastica interna
  • The tunica media is exclusively ____ muscle cells with a small reticulum of ______ and reticular fibers
  • The tunica adventitia are irregular ___ fibers that may be thicker than media
A
  1. Basal
  2. Smooth; collagenous
  3. Elastic
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13
Q

________ is thickening of the tunica intima of blood vessels

A

Atherosclerosis

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14
Q

In small arteries and arterioles:

  • the tunica intima is only _______
  • the tunica media has one or two layers of ____ muscle cells circumferentially disposed and ____ ___ in small arteries
  • the tunica adventitia has loose ____ tissue with longitudinal collagenous and ____ fibers with a few fibroblasts. Tunica adventitia is absent in arterioles
A
  1. Endothelium

2. Smooth; elastica externa

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15
Q

In the venous system, the walls are thinner, more flaccid, and less elastic than arteries. The large veins contain:
The intima is made of polygonal endothelial cells bounded by network of _____ fibers
The media is _______ and is sometimes absent
The adventitia is the thickest tunic, made of loose connective tissue, elastic fibers, _____ muscle, and collagen.

A
  1. Elastic
  2. Poorly developed
  3. Smooth
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16
Q

The medium veins contain:
Intima - is made of polygonal ______ cells bounded by network of _____ fibers
Media - made from long, ____ muscle separated by ____ and ___ muscle cells
Adventitia is the thickest tunic, made from ____ fibers

A
  1. Endothelial; elastic
  2. Smooth; fibroblast; smooth
  3. Collagen
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17
Q

The small veins contain:
Intima made from _____ cells
Media made from ___ muscle, may form continuous layer
Adventitia is the thickest tunic, made from ___

A
  1. Endothelial cells
  2. Smooth
  3. Collagen
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18
Q

Venules arent substantially different than capillaries. They are made with a layer of ____ surrounded by a longitudinal layer of _____ muscle with occasional fibroblasts.

  • ____ surrounding endothelium
A
  1. Endothelium
  2. Smooth
  3. Pericytes
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19
Q

Most arteries contain a distinct internal ______ membrane. In an artery, the media is _____ than the adventitia

A
  1. Elastic

2. Thicker

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20
Q

There are three capillary types
1. Continuous, typically found in ____
2. Fenestrated, found in ______
3 Discontinuous, found in _______

A
  1. Fat, muscle, nervous system
  2. Intestinal villi, endocrine glands, kidney, glomeruli
  3. Liver, bone marrow, spleen
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21
Q

Epithelial tissues consist of sheets of one or more layers supported by ______ membranes. Bound by cell junctions. They are never penetrated by _____.
Cover or line body surfaces, cavities, and tubes

Properties/Roles: _____ diffusion, absorption/secretion, protection, containment

A
  1. Basement
  2. Blood vessels
  3. Selective

Epithelia are dependent on diffusion of O2 and nutrients from supportive tissues

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22
Q

Epithelial tissue is _____; capillaries do not reside within tissues. Epithelium is supported on the _____ side by the basement membrane; the ____ _____ ( below this lies the capillary bed)
The capillary bed provides epithelia with nutrients and disposal of waste

A
  1. Avascular
  2. Basal
  3. Basal lamina
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23
Q

Classifying epithelia is based on ___ characteristics

  1. Shape (usually reflected in shape of their ___)
  2. Layers
  3. Surface specialization
    - _____
    - _____
A
  1. Morphological

2. Cilia; Keratin

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24
Q

Simple epithelium refers to type that is ______ thick. The cells, scale like in appearance, tend to have larger _____ nuclei. The cells are bound together by tight junctions, forming a _____ barrier, crucial for function

A
  1. Cell-layer
  2. Elliptically-shaped
  3. Selective
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25
Q

_______ _____ are the thinnest epithelial cells* and they are flat. They have a large surface area that is exposed to the lumen on one side (____ surface), and to the basement membrane (____ ____)

A
  1. Simple Squamous
  2. The apical surface
  3. The basal lamina
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26
Q

Function of simple squamous epithelium:
They are mediators of ____ and ____. Some molecules, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse freely across the simple squamous epithelia according to ________. Other molecules: such as ions utilize ______ ____ channels to diffuse across the cells

A
  1. Filtration and diffusion
  2. Concentration gradients
  3. Transmembrane protein channels
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27
Q

Where can simple squamous cells can be found ?

A

Air sacs of lungs
Lining of blood vessels and heart chambers
Serous membranes

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28
Q

Simple squamous epithelia are ____ cell layers thick. They are flattened cells. The nuclei location is at the ____ of the cell

A
  1. Single

2. Central

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29
Q

_____ _____ epithelium are cells that are equally wide as they are tall, creating a square profile with spherical nucleus at its _______. They are _____ cell layers thick.

A
  1. Simple Cuboidal
  2. Center
  3. Single
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30
Q

The main functions of simple cuboidal epithelium are ____ and ______. It is selectively permeable.
Example: in Kidney tubules, the cells aid in the ______ and transport of filtered substances.

*Can also be found in thyroid gland

A
  1. Absorption and secretion

2. Absorption

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31
Q

_____ _____ epithelium have cells that are longer than they are wide. Their nuclei are found _____ of the cell. The cells are connected by tight junctions

*can be found in the stomach

A
  1. Simple columnar

2. At the base

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32
Q

Simple columnar cells receive nutrients through _____, which separates the cells from the capillary basal layer

A

The basement membrane

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33
Q

Roles of simple columnar cells:

  • ___ : epithelium in stomach and digestive tract provides an impermeable barrier against any bacteria that could be ingested but is permeable to any necessary ions
  • ___: nutrients as in from the small intestine
  • ___: simple columnar epithelium is also specialized to provide sensory input. These cells are found in cornea, inner ear, and nose
A
  1. Protection
  2. Absorbing and transporting
  3. Can be innervated
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34
Q

Simple columnar can specialize to secrete mucus from _____ cells that coats and protects the surrounding surface from damage.

A

Goblet

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35
Q

Simple columnar ciliated* epithelium can be found:

Roles:

A

Location: Small bronchi, uterine/Fallopian tubes, auditory tubes

Roles: secretion and movement

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36
Q

______ columnar _____ epithelium comprise of single layer of cells, but nuclei are at different levels, creating the illusion of ________. False impression that there is more than one layer

A
  1. Psudostratified columnar ciliated

2. Cellular stratification

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37
Q

Not all ciliated cells extend to the ______ surface. Such cells are capable of cell division providing replacements for cells lost or damaged

A

Luminal

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38
Q

Psuedostratified epithelia function in ____ or ____. If a specimen looks stratified but has cilia, then it is a _________ epithelium, since stratified epithelia do not have cilia*****

A
  1. Absorption or secretion

2. Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

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39
Q

______ epithelium consists of more than one (typically many) layer, or strata, of epithelium cells. Basal layer are small and ____-to-columnar. Cells gradually become larger and more _____ as the cells migrate from basal layer to the apical layer. Specialized to withstand the mechanical stress of ______. As the apical layers of cells give way, they are continuously replaced by deeper layers, derived from highly mitotic ____ cells of the basal layer.

A
  1. Stratified Squamous
  2. Cuboidal
  3. Squamous
  4. Abrasion
  5. Cuboidal
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40
Q

There are two major types of stratified squamous epithelium:
_______ - epithelia cells lack large quantities of protein keratin. Serves as wet lining capable of withstanding relatively moderate abrasive stresses
_______ - as cells migrate from basal to apical layer, they accumulate large quantities of protein keratin. Serves as a dry covering capable of withstanding relatively severe abrasive stresses

A
  1. Nonkeratinizing Stratified Squamous Epithelia

2. Keratinizing Stratified Squamous Epithelia

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41
Q

The vast majority of epithelial cells in epithelial lining are ______, they produce and fill with keratin. They also produce and secrete ____ making tissue waterproof

A
  1. Keratinocytes

2. Glycolipid

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42
Q

Where can you find nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium?

*all of these sites share the characteristic that they are exposed to mild-moderate degrees of abrasion

A

Lining esophagus
Linking sides and floor of oral cavity
Lining vagina

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43
Q

_______ epithelium consists of cube-shaped cells, commonly 2 layers. Their role is to protect larger gland ducts.

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

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44
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium can be found:

A

Sweat glands of skin
Mammary glands of breast
Salivary glands in the mouth
May be active (pump material in/out lumen

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45
Q

____ epithelium are flattened cuboidal cells. They have capacity to stretch and flatten so the renal calyx and bladder can expand

A

Transitional

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46
Q

Transitional epithelium has capacity to stretch and flatten so the ___ and ___ can expand

A

Renal calyx and bladder

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47
Q

Membrane specialization of epithelia include ______ surfaces in which cells are linked by cytoskeletal specializations.

  1. Occluding tight junctions form a ______
  2. Adhering ____ and ____
  3. Communicating junctions ____
A

Intercellular surfaces

  1. Zonula occludens
  2. Zonula adherens and macula adherents
  3. Gap or Nexus junctions
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48
Q

The lateral specializations of epithelia include:
Tight junctions or ______. They are composed of proteins known as _______.
Tight junctions bar movement of dissolved materials from lumen through the space between epithelial cells. There is no intercellular space where there is a tight junction**

A
  1. Zonula occludens

2. Claudins and occludins

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49
Q

Where might you find tight junctions or zonula occludens?

A

No clue

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50
Q

The zonula adherens is composed of transmembrane proteins called ______, whose cytoplasmic tails bind to anchor proteins in an intracellular plaque

A

Cadherins

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51
Q

Desmosomes (_______ ) are located deep to adhering junctions. They are abundant in ______ epithelia exposed to stress. *strong spot attachment

A
  1. Macula adherens

2. Stratified

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52
Q

Cadherins are also the transmembrane proteins of _______, BUT* the intracellular segment binds to ___ instead of actin

A
  1. Desmosomes

2. Intermediate filaments

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53
Q

________ allow for the passage of small molecules and nutrients between adjacent cells. Composed of transmembrane ______ proteins that together form connexons. Multiple connexons from two adjacent cells align to form this.

A
  1. Gap junctions

2. Connexin

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54
Q

Membrane specialization of epithelia

Luminal/apical surfaces/ : 3 main types:

A
  1. Cilia
  2. Microvilli
  3. Stereocilia
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55
Q

______ is actively motile*. These Hairlike projections line the primary bronchus to remove ____ and debris from the interior of the lungs

A
  1. Cilia

2. Microbes

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56
Q

_____ are small processes that project from the apical surface* of most types of epithelial cells. Greatly increases surface area

A

Microvilli

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57
Q

______ long, non-motile microvilli. Found on the surface epithelium in the epididymis and ______

A
  1. Stereocilia

2. Ductus deferens

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58
Q

Membrane specialization of epithelia
Basal surfaces:
The basement membrane separates epithelium and connective tissue. Is made of collagenous and non-collagenous ______ and _____.
Serves as a selective barrier.

A

Glycoproteins and proteoglycans

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59
Q

_______ are a variant of the intercellular desmosomes and anchor the cell to basement membrane

The _____ are known as integrins, which bind to extracellular laminins in the basement membrane

A
  1. Hemidesmosomes

2. Transmembrane proteins

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60
Q

________’s internal structure reflect the nature of the secretory product and mode of secretion.
They are classified by cell morphology:
- ?
- ?

A
  1. Exocrine glands
  2. Simple
  3. Compound
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61
Q

In simple duct structures the *duct itself doesn’t branch.

Simple duct structure:

  1. Simple tubular (_____)
  2. Simple branches tubular (____)
  3. Simple alveolar
  4. Simple branches alveolar (_____)
A
  1. intestinal glands
  2. Stomach gastric glands
  3. No important examples in humans
  4. Sebaceous oil glands

Exocrine glands*

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62
Q

Exocrine glands
In compound duct structures the duct branches

Compound duct structure:

  1. Compound tubular (___)
  2. Compound alveolar (____)
  3. Compound tubuloalveolar (____)
A
  1. Duodenal glands of small intestine
  2. Mammary glands
  3. Salivary glands
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63
Q

Exocrine glands secrete their product by a duct to an ______ environment, either inside the body or on a surface outside the body

Examples:

A

External

Ex: sweat, salivary, mammary, ceruminous, lacrimal, sebaceous, and mucous

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64
Q

Exocrine glands are named based on how their products are excreted.

____ secretion is by exocytosis. Ex:?
____ secretion budding off portions of cell membrane
____ secretion = the entire cell disintegrates. Ex:

A

Merocrine example: pancreatic acinar cells
Apocrine
Halocrine example sebaceous glands of skin and nose

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65
Q

______ glands secrete their products directly into the bloodstream*

A

Endocrine

66
Q 
The epidermis consists of \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ epithelium. Cells:
\_\_\_\_\_\_ (90%)
Melanocytes
\_\_\_\_\_ (epidermal dendritic cells)
Merkel cells
A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Langerhans cells (epidermal dendritic cells)
  4. Merkel cells
67
Q

Keratinocytes make up about 90% of cells in _____ epithelium. As the layers become closer to the skin surface, the PH becomes _____

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

Lower

68
Q

_____ are spider shaped epithelial cells that make up the pigment melanin

A

Melanocytes

69
Q

_____ is the inability to produce melanin unable to make ______.

A
  1. Albinism

2. Tyrosinase

70
Q

Dendritic langerhan cells function in ____ and ____ of foreign substances

A

Phagocytosis and ingestion

71
Q

Tactile _________ function as sensory receptors for touch

A

Tactile Merkel cells

72
Q

The Dermis is known for being strong and flexible. There are two main parts:

A

Papillary dermis

Reticular dermis

73
Q 
The papillary region of the dermis contains:
\_\_\_\_\_ connective tissue
Dermal papillae
\_\_\_\_\_ of touch (\_\_\_\_)
Capillaries
A

Areolar connective tissue
Dermal papillae
Corpuscles of touch (meissner’s corpuscles)
Capillaries

74
Q

The reticular region of the dermis consists of:
______ connective tissue
Accessory structures:

A

Dense irregular connective tissue
Accessory structures:
-hair follicles
- sebaceous glands and sudoríferous glands

75
Q

The reticular region of the dermis accounts for ___% of the thickness of skin.

A

80%

76
Q

Sweat glands and packinian corpuscles are located around the ______ border

A

Dermal/subQ

77
Q

The hair is a flexible strand that are produced by a _____ and is pretty much dead, ______ cells

A
  1. Hair follicle

2. Keratinized cells

78
Q

What are the five parts of a hair?

A 
Shaft
Root
Follicle (surrounds root)
Hair bulb
Piloarrector muscle (arrector pili muscle)
79
Q

The germinal matrix of a hair follicle is the actively dividing are of the ________ that produces the hair

A

Hair bulb

80
Q

The _____ is the subcutaneous layer just deep to the skin where the hair bulbs lie

A

Hypodermis

81
Q

The hair follicle is contained in the _____ and surrounds the root. It is formed by two layers that are surrounded by a __________ membrane (____________) and CT (_________).
The follicle stems from _______.

A
  1. Dermis
  2. Glassy membrane: epithelial root sheath
  3. Dermal connective tissue root sheath
  4. The hair bulb and dermal papilla of hair
82
Q

The growth cycle of a hair follicle includes a _____ stage and a ____ stage. The scalp hair grows for 2-6 years and rests for _____ months; ___% of hair is in _____ stage.

A
  1. Growth stage
  2. Resting stage
  3. Rests for 3 months
  4. 85% of hair is in growth stage
83
Q

New hairs develop from cell division of the matrix in the _____. Hair replacement and growth occur in a ____ pattern

A
  1. Hair bulb

2. Cyclic

84
Q

________ is Male-pattern baldness and is cause by ____ and heredity.
*Rogaine is a vaso-________

A
  1. Alopecia
  2. Androgens
  3. Vaso-dilatar
85
Q

The cuticle of a nail is called ______.

The white area of nail near cuticle is _______

A
  1. Eponychium

2. Lunula

86
Q

________ glands are usually connected to hair follicles

A

Sebaceous oil glands

87
Q

Sebaceous oil glands are absent in ______. They are also ______ glands, meaning they burst to release contents. Sebaceous glands produce _____ for waterproofing, preventing water loss, softening/lubrication, it’s antibacterial properties and is stimulated by _______. Enlarged glands may produce blackheads, pimples, and boils

A
  1. Palms and soles
  2. Holocrine
  3. Sebum
  4. Hormones
88
Q

When the trapped sebum and bacteria stay below the skin surface, a ______ is formed

A

Whitehead

89
Q

A _____ occurs when the trapped sebum and bacteria partially open to the surface and turn black due to ______. They can last for a long time because the contents very slowly drain to the surface

A
  1. Blackhead

2. Melanin

90
Q

____ glands are everywhere and are very abundant on the palms, soles, and forehead. Contents are released everyday in skin (everyday sweat)

A

Eccrine or merocrine glands

This is a sudoriferous gland

91
Q

____ sweat glands have ducts that open onto hair follicles. Their secretions contain sweat and fatty substances and proteins. These are released during ____,_____,______

A
  1. Apocrine
  2. Stress, Sex, Excitement

This is a sudoriferous gland

92
Q

Muscle cells are _____. Their cells (fibers) shorten in response to stimulation. Action of cytoplasmic filaments called _________.

A
  1. Contractile

2. Myofilaments

93
Q

Through contractions, muscles cause:

  1. ______
  2. Maintenance of posture
  3. _____ production
  4. ______ flow
A
  1. Movement (motion
  2. Maintenance of posture
  3. Heat production - shivering maintains high temp
  4. Blood and lymph flow
94
Q

Muscle tissue characteristics:

  1. ___ - they all receive and respond to __ (nerve impulses)
  2. ___- able to be stretched. When one contracts (flexes), another is stretched (extended). These opposing actions are known as ______
  3. ___- they return to their original ____ and ____ after contraction or extension
A
  1. Electrical excitability; action potentials
  2. Extensible; antagonism
  3. Elastic; length and shape
95
Q 
Muscle tissue characteristics:
Tend to \_\_\_\_ (degenerate) of nerve supply is lost, if blood supply is inadequate, or if not used. 
Will \_\_\_\_ (increase in size) in response to increased use (with no change in size of \_\_\_\_\_)
A
  1. Atrophy
  2. Hypertrophy
  3. Fast glycolytic fibers = work fast but fatigue quickly
96
Q

____ is an increase in the number of fibers in muscle tissue

A

Hyperplasia

97
Q

In skeletal muscle tissues, cells are long, cylindrical, ____, and multinucleated.
Locations: combined with connective tissues and nervous tissues in skeletal muscles such as ____ or ___ muscles

A
  1. Striated

2. Leg or arm

98
Q

In cardiac muscle tissue, cells are short, _____ , and striated usually with a single nucleus. Cells are interconnected by ________ discs.

A
  1. Bifurcates

2. Intercalated

99
Q

Smooth muscle tissues, cells are:
short, _____-shaped, _____, with a single, central nucleus.
Locations: encircles blood vessels, found in walls of _____, _____, urinary, and reproductive organs

A
  1. Spindle- shaped
  2. Nonstriated*
  3. Digestive, respiratory
100
Q

Myoblast cells fuse to form _______. Satellite cells can produce new________.

A
  1. Myotubes, which differentiate into muscle fiber

2. Muscle fibers

101
Q

____ muscle is most abundant and makes up about __% of total body weight. These muscle tissues are _______, and appearance is due to thick and thin myofilaments within ____.

A
  1. Skeletal muscle
  2. 40%
  3. Striated
  4. Sarcomeres
102
Q

Striation of skeletal muscles are due to arrangement of thick and thin myofilaments within ______

A

Sarcomers

103
Q

_____ are the functional unit of a muscle cell

A

Sarcomere

104
Q

Skeletal muscles are composed of large, elongated, _______ fibers that show quick voluntary contractions

A

Multinucleated

105
Q

Many muscle fibers are wrapped into a bundle, in which the connective tissue separates the individual muscle fibers. The connective tissue of this bundle is called the ?

This is then wrapped by a ____ layer and further wrapped by the outer layer called the ___.

A
  1. Endomysium
  2. Perimysium
  3. Spimysium
106
Q

_______ the connective tissue that separates numerous bundles of muscle fibers

A

Perimysium fascicles

107
Q

_____ is the layer of dense connective tissue, continuous with the tendon, that surrounds each muscle

A

Epimysium

108
Q

Microscopic view of muscle cell:
_____ - plasma membrane with T-tubules (___)
_____ - cytoplasm
_____ - cells have more than one nucleus (peripheral)
Numerous ____ to make ATP
_____ - like endoplasmic reticulum. Covers myofibrils.
_____ - Ttubule and two terminal ____

A
  1. Sarcolemma; (transverse tubules)
  2. Sarcoplasm
  3. Multinucleated
  4. Mitochondria
  5. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
  6. Triad; cisternae
109
Q

A triad in muscle cell (fiber) is a T tubule (transverse tubule) + two terminal cisternae.

Terminal cisternae release _____ which triggers muscle contraction.

A

Calcium

110
Q

_____ are the contractile units of the muscle cell (fiber). A muscle fiber has many ______, which has many sarcomeres.
Cytoplasm of each myofiber contains the contractile apparatus, which is composed of ____ arranged in ____.

A
  1. Sarcomeres
  2. Myofibrils
  3. Myofibrils
  4. Sarcomeres
111
Q

Sarcomeres contain a number of proteins:
______ - the major constituent of the Z band
_____ forms the thin filaments
_____ forms thick filaments

A
  1. Alpha actinin
  2. Actin
  3. Myosin
112
Q

Fascicles are surrounded by thin, delicate _____. The myofibers are of relatively uniform size/shape and fit together in mosaic pattern and are separated by thin _____. When fibrosis is present the muscle fibers will appear separated. Normally the nuclei are located at the ___ of the cell.

A
  1. Perimysium
  2. Endomysium
  3. Periphery
113
Q

The _____ consists of the remainder of the sarcoplasm, located between the myofibrils. It contains mitochondria, lipid, glycogen, T-tubules, and sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Intermyofibrillar network

114
Q

The electrical signals conducted by ____ stimulate the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release _____

A
  1. T tubules

2. Calcium

115
Q

T tubules are responsible for conduction of electrical signals from ____ to the internal areas of myofibers

A
  1. The cell surface
116
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum provides the ______ and release of calcium required for contraction to occur

A

Intracellular storage

117
Q

Muscle contraction:
____ - neurotransmitter from motor axon that binds to receptor causing muscle ___ that spreads through sarcolemma into ____ and releases calcium into ___

A
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Impulse
  3. T tubules
  4. Sarcoplasm
118
Q

During muscle contraction, thin ___ are moved *inward, pulling the ___ together. The H-zone may disappear and thin ____ may overlap

A
  1. Myofilaments
  2. Z-discs
  3. Myofilaments
119
Q

____ are myosin heads bound to actin

A

Cross-bridges

120
Q

Muscle contraction steps:

  1. A nerve impulse triggers release of ___ from synaptic knob, which then binds to receptors in motor end plate or neuromusc. jxn. This initiates impulse in the ___
  2. Muscle impulse moves to ___ and calcium is released from ___ into sarcoplasm
  3. Calcium binds to ___ causing it to change shape, moving ___ on the actin to expose active sites on actin molecules of thin filaments. Myosin heads of thick filaments attach to exposed active sites to form ____
A
  1. Acetylcholine; sarcolemma of muscle fiber
  2. T tubules; terminal cisternae
  3. Troponin; tropomyosin; cross bridges
121
Q

Muscle contraction steps:
4. Myosin heads pivot, moving thin filaments toward the ______ center. ATP binds myosin heads and is broken down into ADP and P. Myosin heads detach from ___ filaments and return to prepivot position. The repeating cycle of attach-pivot-detach-return slides thick and thin filaments past each other. The ___ shortens and the muscle contracts. The cycle continues as long as calcium remains bound to ___ to keep active sites exposed.

A
  • Sarcomere center
  • thin filaments
  • Sarcomeres
  • Troponin
122
Q

Muscle contraction steps:
5. When the impulse stops, calcium ions are actively transported into ______. Tropomyosin recovers active sites. ____ passively slide back to their relaxed state.

A
  • Sarcoplasmic reticulum

- Filaments

123
Q

Contraction and muscular dystrophies:
All ___ contract at the same time to shorten myofibrils, muscle cells, fasciculi, and the entire muscle.
_____ is a cytoskeletal protein that links thin (actin) filaments of sarcomere to proteins of sarcolemma***
In ____ (group of myopathies that weaken musculoskeletal system) ____ is mutated and the sarcolemma tears easily, causing muscle fibers to slowly ___ and ___

A
  1. Sarcomeres
  2. Dystrophin
  3. Muscular dystrophies
  4. Dystrophin
  5. Slowly rupture and die
124
Q

In ____ muscular dystrophy there is variation in skeletal muscle fiber size and increased amounts of connective tissue

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

125
Q

motor axon terminals to pass through the endomysium to form synapses with individual muscle fibers. These synapses are called ____. A single, spinal motor neuron can form many of these synapses with one or many muscle fibers. A ____ is a single axon and ALL of the muscle fibers it innervates***

A
  1. The neuromuscular junction or motor end plate*
  2. Motor unit

-Large muscles can be controlled by hundreds of motor units!

126
Q

Motor unit = ___ neuron + ____

A

Motor neuron + innervated muscle fibers (cells)

127
Q

_____ motor nerves innervate multiple muscle fibers

A

Efferent

128
Q

In Neuromuscular junctions:
Motor axons use _____ to cause muscle contraction
Muscle cells have ____ in clefts one postsynaptic membrane
Transmission of the neurotransmitter is terminated by _____ on postsynaptic membrane

A
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Ach receptors
  3. Acetylcholinesterase - enzyme that cleaves Ach into acetate and choline
129
Q

_______ is a condition in which auto-antibodies attack the patient’s own receptors, interfering with neuromuscular transmission.

A

Myasthenia Gravis

130
Q

____ muscle is nonstriated. These fibers are spindle, fusiform, shaped cells with single, long oval, pale-staining central nuclei.

A

Smooth

131
Q

The cytoplasm of smooth muscle is _____ and lacks striations because the myofilaments are not organized into ______.

A
  1. Homogenous

2. Myofibrils

132
Q

Actin-myosin filaments:
Actin filaments are attached to _____ (which are like Z discs) within the cytoplasm or associated with the cell membrane.
Intermediate filaments of _____ and _____ anchor the dense bodies and align the thick and the thin filaments

A
  1. Dense bodies
  2. Vimentin
  3. Desmin
133
Q

A rudimentary sarcoplasmic reticulum is present in smooth muscle but ____ are not present. Bundles of thick and thin myofilaments crisscross _____ through the cell, forming lattice-like network.

A
  1. T tubules

2. Obliquely

134
Q

Smooth muscle actin and myosin ____ by a sliding filament mechanism similar to that in striated muscles. The thin filaments of smooth muscle cells lack _____ complexes and instead utilize _____, a calcium-binding protein that is involved in contraction of non-muscle cells

A
  1. Contract
  2. Troponin
  3. Calmodulin
135
Q

_____ are not present in smooth muscle. Instead ____ are present.

A
  1. T tubules = Not present

2. Calveoli = present

136
Q

In smooth muscle, calcium initiates contractions by binding to ____ (because no Troponin is present), which regulates _____ (transfers P+ from ATP to light myosin heads), cross bridging occurs (enzymes are slower than in skeletal = slower formation)

A
  1. Calmodulin

2. Myosin kinase

137
Q

Smooth muscle is bundled together and _____. Each cell is surrounded by _____ membrane (very little connective tissue). Fibers are connected by ________. Contractions are slower, less forceful but _______.

A
  1. Tightly packed
  2. Basement membrane
  3. Gap junctions
  4. Prolonged
138
Q

In a cross section of smooth muscle (ex: in wall of intestine), cells of inner circular (IC) layer are cut ______ and cells of outer longitudinal layer (OL) are cut ______.

A
  1. Lengthwise*

2. Transversely

139
Q

Contracted smooth muscle causes nuclei _______ because it decreases length of cell, deforming the nucleus. The long nuclei of individual fibers assume a _____ shape

A
  1. Distortion

2. Cork screw

140
Q

_____ muscle cells are _____ (branched) and striated. They have one or two nuclei _____ located. The sarcolemma is thin, poorly defined and connected by _____ discs. The _____ are less distinct than skeletal muscles and may be branched. They lack _____ cells which means damaged tissue CANNOT regenerate***

A
  1. Cardiac
  2. Bifurcated
  3. Centrally
  4. Intercalated
  5. Myofibrils
  6. Satellite
141
Q

The sarcolemma of cardiac muscle cells are connected by ______ discs with:

  • ______ aiding in impulse conduction
  • _____ helping with cell cohesion
  • _____ that are well anchored to sarcolemmal membranes
A
  1. Intercalated discs
  2. Gap junctions
  3. Desmosomes
  4. Myofibrils
142
Q

_______ (in cardiac muscle) is the term for complexes of intercellular junctions including:
_____, which anchor the cells together. The intermediate filaments are called ________

A
  1. Intercalated discs
  2. Desmosomes
  3. Desmins
143
Q

In cardiac muscle there is an abundance of ______ and sparse ________ in areas between myofibrils. T tubules are less organized and are associated with one expanded terminal cisternae* of SR, forming ______ rather than triads (like in skeletal muscle)

A
  1. Mitochondria
  2. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
  3. Dyads
144
Q

Cartilage is part of the skeletal system. It lacks ____ and _____. It is composed of _____ (cells of lacunae) and produces ______ factor (no blood vessels). It’s matrix is gel-like and mostly _____, some hyalutonic acid.

A
  1. Nerves
  2. Vessels
  3. Chondrocytes
  4. Anti-angiogenesis
  5. Chondroitin sulfates
145
Q

The membrane around cartilage, that contains blood vessels, is called ______

A

Perichondrium

146
Q

Cartilage in adults cannot ______, due to chondrocyte immobility, los metabolic and mitotic rates, and avascularity

A

Regenerate or be repair fully

147
Q

In hyaline cartilage, type ___ collagen is the principle collagen type*
Elastic cartilage has the above type with an abundance of _____.
Fibrocartilage contains a dense network of coarse type __ fibers

A
  1. Hyaline’s matrix = type 2 collagen (ribs/joints)
  2. Elastic matrix = type 2 + elastic fibers (ears)
  3. Fibrocartilage = type 1 collagen fibers (spine)
148
Q

Hyaline cartilage is found in walls of larger respiratory passages (nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi), in the ___ ends of ribs, where they articulate with the sternum, and in the ______, where it is responsible for the _____ growth of bone.
Has a perichondrium

A
  1. Ventral
  2. Epipheseal plate
  3. Longitudinal
149
Q

_______ -> the replacement of smooth muscle with uneven bone spurs (bony outgrowth)

A

Osteoarthritis

150
Q

Elastic cartilage contains an _____ network of _____ fibers in addition to type 2 fibrils.
Possesses a perichondrium
Found in ear, epiglottis, and in larynx

A

Abundant network of fine elastic fibers

151
Q

_____ is a tissue intermediate between dense connective tissue and hyaline cartilage (strongest), but it has no _______. Found in meniscus of knee, pubic symphysis, and intervertebral discs.

A
  1. Fibrocartilage

2. Perichondrium

152
Q

Fibrocartilage contains ______, usually arranged axially in long rows, separated by coarse cartilage type __ fibers and less proteoglycans than other forms of cartilage. Matrix is ______ and will stain RED with eosin stain.

A
  1. Chondrocytes
  2. Cartilage type 1
  3. Acidophilic
153
Q

The ground substance of bones is made of _____ and _____. Bone matrix also contains collagen type ___.
The 2 minerals are:

A
  1. Polysaccharides
  2. Glycoproteins
  3. Collagen type 1

Minerals = calcium phosphate + hydroxyapatite

154
Q

Three bones cells are:

____ found in lacunae between layers (lamellae) of matrix
____ synthesize ground substance and collagen type 1
____ multinucleated giant cells (macrophages) involves in reabsorption and remodeling of bone tissue

A
  1. Osteocytes
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Osteoclasts
155
Q

Osteoblasts are responsible for the synthesis of ground substance (___ and ____) and collagen type 1 in bones. They are polarized cells: matrix components are secreted at the cell surface in contact with older bone matrix, producing a layer of new but not yet calcified material called _____ between osteoblasts layer and bone formed earlier. This process of bone appositional growth is completed by subsequent deposition of ______ into the newly formed matrix.

A
  1. Polysaccharides and glycoproteins
  2. Osteoid
  3. Calcium salts
156
Q

Observing a bone with large multinucleated cells eating away at the bone. What macrophage is this?

A

Osteoclast

Clash down/ breakdown

Blast = build

Quiz Q*

157
Q

Toll like receptors exert what function in innate immune response

A

Activates anti-viral response via type 1 infection

Quiz Q**

158
Q

Duodenal glands function to produce mucus rich alkaline secretions. These glands are considered..?

A

Compound tubular

Quiz Q**

159
Q

______ are abundant in skin, adjacent cells are usually joined together by tight junctions Incomplete to allow for fluid to pass

A

Continuous capillary

Quiz Q**

160
Q

Major sensory appendage of skin?

A

Nails

Quiz Q*

Microanatomy (4 decks)

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