Week 4 Flashcards
Only equation we need to memorize
CO2 + H2O H+ + HCO3-
DEFINITION of acid
Molecule that donates H+ in a solution
Definition of base
Molecule that accepts an H+ in solution
Strong acids
FUlly ionize in solution
Examples:
HCl, HI, HBr, H2SO4, HNO3
Strong bases
Fully ionized to OH- and cation.
Examples
NaOH, LiOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2
Amphiprotic species
Act as both acid or a base (PO4)
WEAK ACID
Most of acid remains whole and does not ionize in water.
HC2H3O3 (acetic acid)
H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
H3PO4 (phosphoric acid)
NH4+ (ammonium)
Weak base
Does not fully ionize
EXAMPLES
NH3, HCO3, CO32-, HPO4 2-
Ha —> h +a
WHat is A?
Conjugate base
H + + B HB+
What is HB+
Conjugate acid
Henderson Hasselbalch equation is used to find what. What is the equation?
Used to find dissociation of a weak acid.
Ph= pa + log ( [A-]/ [HA])
What does pka signify
Where buffers do best buffering
‘Where does a buffer work best?
+ or - 1 pH level
PH normal
7.4
CO2 normal
40
HCO3 normal
24
Base excess normal
0
What is a charge on electron
Coulomb
How to calculate anion gap
NA+ - (Cl- +HCO3-)
What does high AG mean?
Addition of acid
What does normal AG mean?
Loss of base
Electric potential energy definition
The potential energy between two electrons based on distance. Unit of joule
Electric potential
Joule/coulomb or V
Which way does the electric current flow?
- —> + current measure in charge/time. Coulomb/second
COnductors
Carry electrical current efficiently
Insulators
Resist carrying electrical current
How to find current?
I= V/R Ohm’s Law
Conductance
Opposite of resistance. Measured in mho or S Siemens G= 1/R
How to find electrical power?
Current x voltage. P= IV W=AV
Units for power
J/s or W
N-type conductors
Are negative and have “extra” e floating around. Uses metals from group V
P-type semi conductors
Use metal from group 3. Is a positive conductor and has one less electron, creating a hole.
DIode
P-type bound to n-type. Conducts electricity in one direction, but not he other
Transistors definition PNP and NPN
Has p-type, n-type and p-type semiconductor material. P-type is emitter, n-type is base, 2nd p-type is collector.
CUrrent between emitter and base??? Not sure if we need to know…
Definition of spectroscopy
Light reflecting off a material and beer’s law is used for pulse ox
Beer’s LAW
Absorbance for wavelength of light (A) depends on absorbtivity (a) of material, concentration (c) and thickness (b)
What happens with alpha decaf
Looses He ion A-4 and Z-2
Usually very large nuclei
Alpha partical big and doesn’t go far. Not a problem unless material is in your body already
Beta - decay
Neutron goes to proton + kicks out an electron and antineutrino.
A does not change
Z +1
B + decay
Positron decay. Proton goes to neutron, kicks out positron and neutrino
A remains same, Z-1
Used with pet scan
Gamma decay
Does not change configuration of nucleus
What does gamma knife do to element?
A+1, Z+1
What is definition of decay constant
Inverse of half life
How does CO2 scrubber get rid of CO2?
NaOH and Ca(OH)2
What does temperature compensating valve in variable bypass vaporizer do?
Adjusts flow of air either down to vaporizer or straight across
What’s special about desflurane vaporizer?
It has heater to allow desflurane to boils. IS NOT temperature dependent like other vaporizers
What’s special about N2O
Since it diffuses through aveoli, the n2o will go into blood, leaving an increased concentration of anesthesia gases. This causes second gas effect
How is N2O stored?
Mostly as liquid. Pressure gauge will not be correct since it is mostly liquid. You can tell how much N2O is left by weight of tank. It will only read pressure once the tank is “running on fumes”
What is the threshold of perception for electrical charge?
0-10mA
What is let-go current of electric current
10-100mA
What is the hot wire in a plug?
Black is hot and smaller slit
What is the neutral wire?
White is neutral and larger slit. Does NOT provide shock if kid puts knife in
Which one is the ground?
Green is ground.
How does GFI work?
Always analyzes current coming back in through neutral line. If there is any difference in hot—> neutral, then the sensor will trip and shut off outlet.
Bigger difference trips quicker
Describe action potential of ventricular myocyte
0- NA rushes in,
1- Na channels close, K remains leaking out
2- Ca VG open, causing plateau, VG K channels open
3-Closure of VG Ca channels cause rapid decrease in mV with K continues to leak out.
4- VG K Channels close. Kleak at baseline
Sinoatrial action potential
0- Ca in
3- K out
4- “funny current” overshoot of k
