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Chem & Physics > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

peta

A

P 10^15

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2
Q

tera

A

T 10^12

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3
Q

giga

A

G 10^9

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4
Q

mega

A

M 10^6

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5
Q

Kilo

A

K 10^3

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6
Q

HECTO

A

h 10^2

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7
Q

deca

A

da 10

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8
Q

deci

A

d 10^-1

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9
Q

centi

A

c 10^-2

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10
Q

milli

A

m 10^-3

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11
Q

micro

A

μ 10^-6

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12
Q

nano

A

n 10^-9

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13
Q

SI unit for length

A

m

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14
Q

SI unit for mass

A

kg

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15
Q

SI unit for volume

A

CM3

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16
Q

SI unit for temperature

A

K

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17
Q

SI unit for amount of material

A

mol

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18
Q

Inferential Statistics is…

A

used to draw conclusions about the data

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19
Q

population

A

group from which data is colelcted

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20
Q

sample

A

a subset of population

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21
Q

variable

A

feature characteristic differing in quality of quantity from one member to another

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22
Q

Categorical variables

A

variables with discrete or qualitative values

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23
Q

continuous variables

A

variables that can be measured along a continuum

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24
Q

Nominal

A

no intrinsic order

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25
Q

Ordinal

A

have order (categorical)

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26
Q

dichotomous

A

only 2 values

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27
Q

interval

A

continuous variable, has numeric value and is measure

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28
Q

Ratio

A

like interval, but value of 0 indicates there is nothing

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29
Q

chance

A

Caused by random variations in subjects and measurements. BIgger sample size reduces this and statistical analysis will handle it

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30
Q

bias

A

not caused by random variation but by systematic variation. Big sample size will not fix this

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31
Q

selection bias

A

biased sampling of population

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32
Q

measurement bias

A

systematic bias with poor mesurement technique

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33
Q

analysis bias

A

favoring one analysis over the other

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34
Q

confounding

A

misinterpretation of accurate variables

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35
Q

clinical trial ( non randomized)

A

Experimental study where exposure status is assigned by investigator

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36
Q

Randomized controlled trial

A

experimental, Clinical trial when assignement to an exposure is determined purely by chance

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37
Q

Cohort study

A

Observational, analytical study in which subjects with an exposure of interest and subject without the exposure, are identified and then followed forward in time to determine outcome

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38
Q

Case-control study

A

observational, analytical study that first identifies group of subjects with disease and a control group without disease and looks back in time to find exposure. Works well with rare diseases

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39
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

Observational, analytical study that is done to examine presence or absence of dx or presence or absence of exposure at a particular time. Often unlcear if exposure preceded the outcome.

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40
Q

Case report

A

Descriptive study that reports on single or series of patients with certain diseases. Study usually generates a hypothesis but cannot test a hypothesis because it does not include appropraite comparison group.

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41
Q

Confounding

A

Occurs when investigator falsely concludes that a particular exposure is causally related to a dx without adjusting for other factors that are known risk factors for the dx and are associated with exposure

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42
Q

Standard error of mean

A

describes amount of variability in the measurement of the population mean from several different samples. This is in contrast to standard deviation; which measures the variability of individual observations in sample

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43
Q

Incidence

A

number of new events that occur during a specified period of time

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44
Q

Incidence rate

A

number of new events that occur over the sum of time individuals in the population were at risk for having the event

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45
Q

Prevalence

A

number of persons in population affected by dx at specific time divided by persons in the population

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46
Q

Number needed to treat

A

number of patients to treat to prevent one adverse outcome. Reciprocal of absolute risk reduction

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47
Q

Sensitivity

A

ability of test to identify correctly those who have the disease

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48
Q

Specificity

A

ability of test to identify correctly those who do not have the disease

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49
Q

Predictive values

A

assesses how useful a test will be in the clinical setting

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50
Q

positive predictive value

A

probability of dx in patient with positive test

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51
Q

negative predictive value

A

probability patient does not have disease if he has a negative test result

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52
Q

Type 1 error (alpha)

A

probability of incorrectly concluding there is a statistically sig diff in population when none exists

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53
Q

Type II error

A

probability of incorrectly concluding that there is no statistically sig diff in population when one exists/

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54
Q

Newton’s First Law

A

Object in motion stays in motion

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55
Q

Newton’s Second Law

A

Object will stay in motion until acted on bya force F=MA

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56
Q

Newton’s Third Law

A

For every action there si an equal and opposite reaction

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57
Q

Mass unit

A

kg

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58
Q

Velocity Units

A

m/sec

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59
Q

Acceleration units

A

m/sec2

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60
Q

Force units

A

kg*m/sec2

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61
Q

mass equation

A

m=f/a

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62
Q

velocity equation

A

Δx/t

63
Q

Acceleration equation

A

Δv/Δt

64
Q

force equation

A

m*a

65
Q

scalar

A

magnitude and unit but no direction

66
Q

vector

A

magnitude, units and direction

67
Q

4 fundamental forces strongest to weakest

A

1) strong nuclear force
2) electromagnetic
3) weak nuclear force
4) gravitational forces

68
Q

strong nuclear force

A

holds protons and neutons together in nucleus

69
Q

electromagnetic force

A

holds electrons in atoms, tries to force protons apart

70
Q

weak nuclear force

A

affects subatomic particles

71
Q

gravitational force

A

holds earth in sun’s orbit and keeps you from floating away

72
Q

Units of weight

A

pound. measure of force m*g

73
Q

scales measure -___

A

weight

74
Q

balance measure ____

A

mass

75
Q

specific gravity

A

density of substance divided by the density of water. unitless

76
Q

density units

A

mass/volume g/ml

77
Q

pressure

A

force/area

78
Q

barometer

A

atmospheric pressure to a vacuum. pam=p.g.h

79
Q

manometer

A

compares atmospheric pressure to unknown pressure. Δp=pgΔh

80
Q

aneroid bellow gauge

A

use expansion of bellows by pressure

81
Q

bourdon gauge

A

use coiled tube that straightens in response to pressure

82
Q

total pressure

A

ptotal=pgauge +patm

83
Q

work definition

A

force acting through a distance fd or Nm

84
Q

work/energy units

A

nm or 1kgm2/sec2

85
Q

potential energy example, equation

A

lifting up an object. mgd

86
Q

kinetic energy example, equation

A

pushing a car and accelerating it. 1/2mv2

87
Q

power definiton

A

rate of work, work/tim

88
Q

power units

A

1 watt=1 j/sec= 1 kg*m2/sec3

89
Q

0th law of thermodynamics

A

A&B are in thermal equilibrium if they have the same temp

90
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

ΔU= Q+W, change in internal energy= energy put into system+work done on system

91
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

Heat flows from hot to cold

92
Q

3rd law of thermodynamics

A

It’s impossible to reach absolute zero

93
Q

endothermic process, what does q equal?

A

energy flows into system (appears colder) Q>0

94
Q

exothermic procss, what does q equal?

A

energy flows out of system (appears hotter) Q<0

95
Q

temperature

A

average kinetic energy of particles

96
Q

W and Δu at compressor

A

w>0, Δu>0

97
Q

Q and ΔU at condenser and fan

A

Q<0, ΔU ABOUT 0

98
Q

W and ΔU at beginning of evaporator

A

W <0, Δu <0

99
Q

Q and Δ U at end of evaporator

A

Q>0, ΔU~0

100
Q

4 types of matter

A

atoms, ions, elements, compounds

101
Q

physical properties

A

intrinsic or extrinsic to matter

102
Q

intrinsic property

A

indpendent of amount of material, color, density etc

103
Q

extrinsic property

A

dependent on mass, volume, etc

104
Q

atomic number

A

Z. #protons in nucleus. determined by atomic number

105
Q

atomic mass

A

protons+#neutons

106
Q

isotope

A

has diff number of neutrons. A-Z

107
Q

mass spectrometer

A

used to determine varying isoptops.

108
Q

covalent bonds

A

strong bonds between non metals. very strong in both water and air

109
Q

ionic bonds

A

between metal and non metal. only strong in vacuum

110
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

attraction of h to O and N (partial + and -)

111
Q

van der waals

A

attraction between all atoms. very weak

112
Q

list bonds from strongest to weakest

A

covalent, ionic, hydrogen, hydrophobic, van der waals

113
Q

dinitrogen monoxide (nitrous oxide)

A

N2O

114
Q

nitrogen monoxide (nitric oxide)

A

NO

115
Q

Sodium ion?

A

Na+

116
Q

Potassium ion?

A

K+

117
Q

Calcium ion charge?

A

Ca2+

118
Q

Chloride ion charge?

A

CL-

119
Q

Sulfide ion

A

S2-

120
Q

Phosphide ion

A

P3-

121
Q

Copper I, cuprous

A

CU +

122
Q

Copper II

A

CU 2+

123
Q

Iron II, ferrous

A

Fe 2+

124
Q

iron III, ferric

A

Fe3+

125
Q

Ammonium

A

NH4+

126
Q

Ammonia

A

NH3+

127
Q

Hydronium

A

H3O+

128
Q

Bicarbonate

A

HCO3-

129
Q

Bisulfate

A

HSO4-

130
Q

Hydroxide

A

OH-

131
Q

acetate

A

C2H3O2-

132
Q

cyanide

A

CN-

133
Q

Dihydrogenphosphate ion

A

H2PO4-

134
Q

Sulfate ion

A

SO42-

135
Q

Nitrite

A

no2-

136
Q

hypochlorite

A

ClO-

137
Q

Carbonate

A

CO32-

138
Q

Phosphate

A

PO43-

139
Q

Nitrate

A

NO3-

140
Q

Sulfite

A

SO3 2-

141
Q

Sulfate

A

SO4 2-

142
Q

hydrate

A

ionic compounds with fixed number of water molecules

143
Q

electrolyte

A

substance that dissolves in water and conducts electricity

144
Q

Mendeleev

A

organized the known elements in periodic table

145
Q

Dalton

A

credited with atomic theory

146
Q

Representative elements

A

Group 1a-8a

147
Q

Transition elements

A

Middle group B elements

148
Q

Mean, median mode with nominal?

A

No mean, no median, yes mode

149
Q

Mean, median and mode with Ordinal?

A

Mean, maybe but no real value. Median Yes, Mode Yes

150
Q

Mean median mode with Dichotomous

A

No mean, no median, yes mode

151
Q

Mean, median mode with interval

A

Yes mean, yes median, yes mode

152
Q

Mean, median mode with ratio

A

Yes mean, yes median, yes mode

153
Q

Relative risk is for?

A

For cohort studies. Ratio of incidence of dx in exposed group divided by corresponding incidence of dx in unexposed group. Framington study with exposure of HTN and following amt of cardiac events in subjects with and without HTN. helped determine cardiac risk factos

154
Q

Odds Ratio is for?

A

and case control studies. Odds of exposure in the group with dx divded by odds of exposure in control group. I.e. case control with relationship b/w artificial sweeteners and bladder ca. Odds ratio gives stable, unbiased estimate of relative risk./

Chem & Physics (4 decks)

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