Week 4

Question 1

One Health Points

Answer 1

• It is collaborative, holistic approach
• When there are health issues individually and community wise, there are bigger issues
• Causes can be socially (how society behaves towards each other), environmental, economic implications of solutions, historical, cultural reasons
• Solutions are health care (treating sick people and animals), engineering solutions (fixing polluted water), basic health sciences (infectious agent, host response), communication of strategy, Psychological motivation
• These problems are called wicked problems
• The people who are experiencing these problems need to be involved in fixing them
• Have humility - Your profession may not have all of the answers
• Have respect – other professions might have the answers you’re looking for

Question 2

Changing the world starts where

Answer 2

• If we are going to change the world we have to start with the children – convince them that one health is important
• Program called SHAD – To empower youth
• OH and Undergraduates – get university students to solve OH Problems

Question 3

Studies in one health

Answer 3

• Graduate Certificate in One Health
  o Integrated training program in infectious diseases, food safety and public policy
  o Helps people be better at collaborating (not just good at what they got their degree in

Question 4

Biomedical Model

Answer 4

Person - organ - cellular - molecular

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Question 5

Wicked Problems

What are they
Who coined the term

9 parts to it

Answer 5

• Issues highly resistant to resolution
• Rittel & Webber came up with the term wicked problems (Urban Planners), 1973
  1. Difficult to define – depends on who you ask, everyone has a different perspective
• Nurses would go into a hospital room and see the problem as people not washing their hands, etc. but someone with a different background might see the problem completely differently
  2. Interdependent and multi-causal
  3. Attempts to address wicked problems often lead to unforeseen consequences
  4. Often not stable – because things change and it is hard to predict what is to come
  5. Usually have no clear solution
  6. Are socially complex – there are always a lot of different people invovled
  7. Hardly ever sit conveniently within the responsibility of any one organization
  8. Involve changing behaviour
  9. Some wicked problems are characterized by chronic policy failure (ex: Indigenous disadvantage in SK, there were policies – treaties, and they failed)

Question 6

Implementing Global Health Interventions

Answer 6

Donor to 1st level recipient to 2nd level recipient

Donor = high income country (Canada/ cooperate sponsor)
First level recipitant = UN, large international NCO
second level recipitant = locals, ministry of health

Doctors without borders
money doesn’t always get where its supposed to go

Question 7

International Cooperation

Foreign Policy

Diplomacy

Health diplomacy

Development cooperation

Answer 7

Foreign policy – dictate how we work with other countries, what strategies or approaches we should use when working with other countries, how we deal with threats, security. Dictates how we respond to conflict with other countries

a) Diplomacy – agreeance between countries concerning disputes (to be diplomatic someone is honest, etc.)
b) Health Diplomacy – giving a certain amount of money to heath care
c) Development cooperation – teaching local people in different countries how fix things, how to be plumbers, etc. (instead of just going to the country and making a school, we teach the people trades to successfully do things on their own)

Question 8

Health Surveillance

Endemic
Outbreak
Epidemic
Pandemic

Answer 8

a) Endemic – normal within the population at an expected level
b) Outbreak – several people get ill
c) Epidemic – a lot of people are ill
d) Pandemic – illness goes to the global population

Question 9

Disease Surveillance

Answer 9

• Disease outbreak news
• WHO Surveillance (EWARS)
• CDC Surveillance
• When something happens globally, everyone gets involved

Ebola

Question 10

Measuring Impact

monitoring
evaluation
effectiveness
efficiency 
Cost effective analysis

Interventions need to be upstream

Answer 10

• monitoring – ongoing assessment on meeting goals
• evaluation – did we do the best we could with what we had, were we efficient, etc.
• effectiveness – did the vaccine work
• efficiency – it might be effective, but not efficient
• Cost-effectiveness analysis – economic analysis that helps us see if what we are doing is both effective and efficient, cost-effective interventions are aimed at children and young adults (vaccines)
• Interventions need to be upstream