Lecture 1

Question 1

How do you define Health

Answer 1

State of well being

Absent of disease

Question 2

What is global health 3

What approach does it require

Whose responsibility

Answer 2

o the optimal well-being of all humans from the individual and collective perspective
o fundamental human right
-“The process of countries around the world becoming more integrated and interdependent across economic, political, cultural, and other domains” (Jacobson, 2019, p. 18)

Requires public health care approach

Shared responsibility and nurses

Question 3

Behavioral risk factor

Answer 3

Behaviour that can be adopted, stopped, or changed in order to reduce the risk of disease
-stress

Question 4

Burden of disease

What populations is additionally burdened

Answer 4

o The adverse impact of a particular health condition or group of conditions on a population

• Indigenous -> higher risk of chronic disease (mortality, diabetes and etc.)
• Immigrant -> higher risk of TB, poverty and etc.

Question 5

Community development

What is fair and equal

Answer 5

o Process through which community members identify their own development priorities and take action to achieve them

Fair – each population gets what they need
Equal – everybody gets the same

Question 6

Distributive justice

Answer 6

o Be ethical principle that needed resources in a population should be fairly allocated

Question 7

Endemic

Answer 7

An adverse health condition that is always present in a particular population

Question 8

Epidemic

Answer 8

o And epidemiological event characterized by a disease occurring more often than usual and causing more than a few sporadic occurrences of disease

h1n1

Question 9

Food Security

Answer 9

o Security that exists when members of the household or community reliably have access to enough food to be healthy, active, and productive

• Global issue
• People need foodbanks

Question 10

One Health

Answer 10

A concept that emphasizes the interconnectedness of human health, animal health, and ecological health

Question 11

Primary HealthCare

Answer 11

o A system of community based health employees community health workers and focuses more on prevention and not on cures

Question 12

what is Public Health and the three parts

Answer 12

The promotion of health and prevention of illnesses, injuries, and premature death at the population level

• Immunization
• Canadas food guide
• Focusing on a population level intervention

Question 13

Pandemic

Answer 13

Worldwide epidemic

Question 14

Mortality

Answer 14

Death

Question 15

Morbidity

Answer 15

Presence of illness or disease

Question 16

NGO

Answer 16

o Non-governmental organization. A nonprofit organization that is private they managed and receives at least some of its funding from private sources
-• USEF, Samaritans Purse. Shoeboxes, World Vision(donations)

Question 17

Social Determinants of health

Answer 17

o	Personal factors in community conditions that enable or hinder access to health
	Poverty
	Gender
	Access to health care
	Education 
	Income
	employment

Question 18

Social Justice

Answer 18

o The principle that moving toward greater equality is valuable for human flourishing

Question 19

Global Health Qualities 5

Answer 19

• Focuses on issues that directly or in directly impact home but can transcend national boundaries
• Development and implementation of solutions often require global cooperation
• Embraces both prevention in populations and clinical care of individuals
• Health equity among nations and for all people is a major objective
• Highly interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary within and beyond health sciences

Question 20

400 BC

Answer 20

Hippocrates

Question 21

First Century AD

Answer 21

Romans

Question 22

14th Century

Answer 22

Black death (bubonic plague)
Started in central Asia
Spread by sailors

Plague doctor

• Introduced quarantine
• broke chain of infection

Question 23

Middle Ages

Answer 23

Colonial Expansion
influenz small pocks measles
Brought back diseases to Europe (cephalus)

Question 24

1750-1850

1832
1838

Answer 24

industrial rev.
improve life quality
increase in child morbidity and mortality 
(made sewers and hospitals)
Started systematic data collection

1832 – royal commissioner surveyed health and sanitation within city sewer
-Created first Public Health Act

1838 – Created General Health Board
-Officers -> inspection, looking ways for interventions to increase quality of health

Question 25

1850 – 1910

1851

Answer 25

o knowledge about communicable diseases expands
o recognize the impact of industrialisation to health
o 1851 – first International Sanitary Conference
o More knowledge about Microbiology (lui Pasteur)
o Discovery on Tubercle
o Discovery of role of mosquito in transmission of yellow fever
o Goal of Science was solidified in Public Health

Question 26

• 1910 – 1945

Answer 26

o reduction in child mortality; Public health; intergovernmental agencies
o Weekly Epidermiologival Record
o Universities establishing schools of Public Health
o Understood that medical diseases aren’t cured with medical interventions alone but along with psychosocial factors (person as a whole)

Question 27

• 1945 – 1990

World bank
WHO
United Nations
Alma Ata
1986
1980

Answer 27

World Bank
-Provides loans at low IR and better terms to lower countries in order to develop development projects

WHO

• 1948
• Directed international health in the UN system
• Health, preparedness, emergencies, diseases and outbreaks

United Nations
-1945
Purpose
-Maintain peace and security 
-UN Peacekeepers force
-Protect Human rights
-Declarations about human rights
-Promote sustainable development
(Ricepatties, gardens, hording animals, ways to build sustainable resources)
-uphold international law

we are a global society

Alma Ata -Help for all by 2000

• did not succeed
• help needs to low income countries
• Help provide access for care and resources in poor settings

1986 = Ottawa Charter
-Personal health behaviours - environmental health behaviours
(Prerequisites of health)

1980 - Endemic of h1n1

Question 28

1990 - 2000

Answer 28

Shifting priorities

cost effectiveness for school

Question 29

2000 +

Millennium development goals (2000)

Sustainable development goals (2030 goal)

Answer 29

Migration 
Displacement of people
Bioterrorism
Fleeing war 
Climate Change
National Disasters 

Millennium development goals (2000)

• Goals were not achieved to a great extent
• decreased in malarial deaths
• decreased mortal deaths of 5 years and below
• decrease in HIV aids
• 2017 - lowest recorded incidence of polio

Sustainable development goals (2030 goal)
-More integrated to approach a more global and integerated world

Question 30

Global Health Challenges

Maternal and Child Health

Answer 30

• No access of natal care
• Under nutrition after child birth
• Obstructed Labour
• Millions of children under 5 are dying and untreated ( starvation, malnutrition, parasites, low income countries)

Question 31

Global Health Challenges

Infectious Diseases

• Zika
• Ebola

Globalization

Refugees and displaced Persons

Poverty

Answer 31

Zika

• travel to unaffected areas by UN
• can be spread by mosquitos or sexual context
• important for people who are pregnant and wanting to (birth defects)

Ebola
-2017 last reported case \

Globalization
-Antibiotic resistant organisms

Refugees and displaced Persons

• Overcrowding
• insecurity
• lack of healthcare
• dangerous place for women and children
• asylum seekers (waiting to be processed)

Poverty

• 9/10 extreme income
• societal poverty line (fixed and dynamic due to country) (multi-dimensional = Sanitation, education,power, water)

104 women live in poor households per 100 men