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Adulthood and Aging Midterm Prep > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychomotor skills involve

A

physical action, done repeatedly, ex: tying shoelaces or riding a bike
- signs of decline are slow, but will present more as time goes on

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2
Q

Cognitive changes affect

A
  1. problem solving memory
  2. working memory retained
  3. long term (secondary) memory
  4. Very long term (remote) memory
  5. Psychomotor skills
  6. Speed of processing
  7. Verbal skills
  8. Reasoning
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3
Q

What is the encoding process?

A

Going from short term memory to long term memory

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4
Q

When does speed of processing begin to slow?

A

Early 50s, and cont through the lifespan

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5
Q

T/F: intelligence can begin to slowdown by the age of 25

A

TRUE! some research indicates a slowing down at age 25 and continuing through the 70s and 80s!

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6
Q

Fluid intelligence is

A

the ability to adapt to and use new information

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7
Q

T/F: cognitive performance can be greater in some older adults as compared to younger adults

A

True. Research has shown that cog performance is greater in OA compared to younger adults depending on the task

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8
Q

Crystallized abilities are

A

practical skills and knowledge of the person accumulated over a long period of time
- includes understanding how to act in social situations, understanding roles, patterns, and protocols

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9
Q

T/F: crystallized abilities do not remain stable over a lifespan

A

False

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10
Q

The process by which perceptual speed has been shown to decline with age is called

A

cognitive slowing

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11
Q

Reasoning and problem solving

A
  1. decline in speed/efficiency

2. occurs with information overload

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12
Q

Memory and attention include

A

Sustained attention, attentional capacity, selective/divided attention

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13
Q

T/F: it is possible for older adults with mild cognitive impairments to remain stable without developing dementia

A

True

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14
Q

Mild cognitive impairments have been previously known as

A

age-associated memory impairments

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15
Q

T/F: as one ages, performance in the workplace will inevitably decline

A

False. Current research in industrial gerontology shows little decline overall in the performance of healthy older adults in the workplace (Bonder & Bello-Haas, 2009)

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16
Q

Which sector in the labor market sees the most decline in older adults as they work? The least decline?

A

Most: Blue collar jobs/manual labor such as construction

Least: education professions

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17
Q

Instances where vocational performance is affected by cognitive declines:

A
  • Decline in fluid intelligence
  • Increased cautiousness
  • Decreased processing speed
  • Declines in secondary memory
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18
Q

T/F: Normal age-related changes should not affect someone who has been performing the same activities for 40-50 years

A

True

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19
Q

ADLs and IADLs can be impacted if

A

sequencing, memory, or planning is impaired

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20
Q

Can older adults learn new leisure and recreational skills?

A

Yes

21
Q

Signs of major depression or cognitive decline/dementia can cause

A

older adults to give up their hobbies/occupational interests

22
Q

Leisure activities that stimulate the older adult on a social, cognitive, and physical note can

A

help maintain cognitive functions

23
Q

An example of an external memory strategy includes

A

using a notebook to write down thoughts, or create a to-do list

24
Q

An example of an internal memory strategy includes

A

chunking/grouping of lists, mnemonic phrases

25
Q

T/F: all forms of dementia are progressive

A

False, some can be treated with medication

26
Q

Dementia is a clinical diagnosis with _______ implications

A

social

27
Q

Common signs of dementia include

A
  • Decreased short term memory
  • Decreased problem-solving skills
  • Decreased perceptual skills
  • Personality changes
28
Q

Five common types of dementia include

A
  1. Alzheimer’s disease
  2. vascular dementia
  3. dementia with Lewy Bodies
  4. frontotemporal dementia
  5. Parkinson’s Disease with dementia
29
Q

The most prevalent form of dementia

A

Alzheimer’s disease

30
Q

T/F: a head injury with a loss of consciousness is linked to Alzheimer’s

A

True

31
Q

A person has mixed dementia when they have:

A

Alzheimer’s Disease and Vascular Dementia

32
Q

T/F: changes to white matter and lacunar infarcts, as well as hippocampal formation atrophy are indicators of cerebrovascular disease

A

True

33
Q

People with vascular dementia demonstrate these language characteristics:

A

perseveration and difficulties with verbal fluency

34
Q

T/F: VaD accounts for 10-30% of all dementia

A

True

35
Q

What is a Lewy Body?

A

A Lewy Body is a round neurofilament inclusion body that holds damaged nerve cell deposits

36
Q

Potential signs of DBL

A

Parkinsonism, cognitive fluctuations, visual hallucinations. Additional indicators: repeated falls, nonvisual hallucinations, delusions, and syncope.

37
Q

What is the 3rd most common neurodegenerative dementia?

A

Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)

AD, and DBL are 1 and 2.

38
Q

Which focal conditions are associated with FTD?

A

progressive aphasia, semantic aphasia, and frontal dementia with motor neuron disease

39
Q

What are some early signs of FTD?

A

behavioral disturbances, changes in social awareness, and evident changes in personality. Additional indicators include lack of sympathy/empathy, poor heygiene, and decreased I with ADLs.

40
Q

T/F: Dementia usually develops ~5 years after Parkinson’s Disease

A

False: Usually develops ~10 years after PD

41
Q

What are some characteristics of PD with Dementia?

A

slowed psychomotor speed, difficulties with attention and initiation, delayed recall, decline in semantic knowledge, frontal-executive functions, memory and visualspatial functions

42
Q

What are the 5 stages of dementia?

A
  1. Pre-dementia
  2. Mild
  3. Moderate
  4. Severe
  5. Terminal
43
Q

T/F: Pre-dementia can be detected when the person is alive

A

False. Only way to know is autopsy.

44
Q

How do people with mild dementia present?

A

They have word finding, recall, and other memory deficits, difficulties with workload, and maintaining attention and new info. They may also have impaired comprehension.

45
Q

T/F: People with moderate dementia have trouble living independently.

A

True. They have changes in tone, reaction time, gait, etc. They may not recognize distant family members and have difficulty with impulse control and adapting to change.

46
Q

What is the role of OT for dementia?

A
  • family education
  • eval strengths, impairments, performance areas needing intervention
  • help with maintenance and modification
  • help pts stay engaged in meaningful activities
47
Q

how should assessments for dementia be conducted?

A
  • identify occupational baseline
  • gather info
  • ask clear and well-directed questions
  • use standardized assessment tools and observational skills
48
Q

What kind of caregiver education can OTs provide?

A

OTs can educate caregivers about:

  • the shifting roles and changes in the family dynamics
  • dementia and its effects
  • resources (support) and advocacy groups
  • safety
  • how to maintain relationships and help pt continue to engage in meaningful activity
  • how to grade activities
  • home modifications
49
Q

T/F: “problem behaviors” are usually a result of an inability to express oneself

A

True. They are usually a sign of frustration, fatigue, fear, confusion, or pain.

Adulthood and Aging Midterm Prep (5 decks)

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