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Adulthood and Aging Midterm Prep > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What do Biological Theories of Aging address?

A

Address aging process at the organism, molecular, and cellular levels

*no singular biological marker for what “aging” is

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2
Q

What do Psychological Theories of Aging seek to explain?

A

Seek to explain the multiple changes in the individual behavior in the middle and later years of the life span; boundaries addressed are amorphous

  • more focused on behavioral change
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3
Q

What do Sociological Theories of Aging consider?

A

Consider the context in which aging occurs and the demands of the activities and the environments

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4
Q

What is the Wear and Tear Theory?

A

(Biological)

Cells/tissue breaking down = aging

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5
Q

What is the Free Radical Theory?

A

(Biological)

Looks at how cellular damage occurs by free radicals: damage accumulates over time in cells/organs which leads to cells/organs to stop functioning

  • Antioxidants combat free radicals – slow down cellular/organ damage
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6
Q

Ontogenetic development is ___ and ___ constructed.

A

(ontogeny = development of individual from embryo to adulthood)

Ontogenetic development is BIOLOGICALLY and SOCIO-CULTURALLY constructed.

Potential for development is present from infancy to old age.

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7
Q

True or False: No age or stage is supreme.

A

True.

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8
Q

True or False: Future development is affected by event at only SOME stages of aging.

A

False - Events at each stage affect future development.

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9
Q

True or False: As one ages, development becomes less plastic and opportunities for change are more limited.

A

True.

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10
Q

What is the Life-Span Development Theory?

A

Interrelated lifespan trends contribute to human development.

  • evolutionary selection benefits decrease
  • need for cultural resources increase
  • efficacy of cultural resources decreases
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11
Q

Give some example(s) of how the Life-Span Development Theory may apply in practice.

A
  1. ) Male advantage (biological) lessens as men age
  2. ) Learning and maintenance of base functions becomes more difficult as one ages
  3. ) An OA may need a sock-aid, but other chronic conditions (e.g. dementia) may decrease the usefulness of an assistive device
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12
Q

What is Selective Optimization with Compensation?

A

Considered a Life-span Development Theory.

Manages the dynamics between gains and losses as one grows older in order to successfully age.

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13
Q

What is the “Selection” mechanism in Selective Optimization with Compensation?

A

There are often more restrictions in older adults lives and how they function — looks at choice/prioritization/what they want to do (may have other limitation that aren’t their choice; involuntary selection)

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14
Q

What is the “Optimization” mechanism in Selective Optimization with Compensation?

A

Looks at how to allocate resources to optimize performance in areas they chose; how do you enrich/promote active engagement?

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15
Q

What is the “Compensation” mechanism in Selective Optimization with Compensation?

A

Looks at the use of alternative methods in order to achieve activities they want to achieve; method/process of reaching end goal

(e.g. modifying activities, using technology or assistive devices, etc.)

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16
Q

What is the Life Course Perspective?

A

To understand older people now, you need to know their past. Emphasizes social and cultural factors (at macro»micro levels) that might influence the aging experience over time.

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17
Q

True or False: the Life Course Perspective can be used at both the individual level AND the population based level.

A

True.

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18
Q

Life Course Perspective: what is a “Trajectory”? Give an example.

A

Stable patterns of behavior or health across time.

Ex.) tobacco use, chronic disease

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19
Q

Life Course Perspective: what is a “Transition”? Give an example.

A

Changes in social roles or responsibilities.

Ex.) divorce, birth of first child, change in job responsibilities

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20
Q

Life Course Perspective: what are”Cultural and contextual influences”? Give an example.

A

Events and externalities that shape and constrain the process of change and adaptation.

Ex.) The Great Depression, race, gender, neighborhood factors that affect childhood

21
Q

Life Course Perspective: what is “Timing in lives”? Give an example.

A

The interaction between age or stage of the life course and timing of event or transition.

Ex.) Age at the time of a major event, such as the Great Depression; age at birth of first child

22
Q

Life Course Perspective: what are “Linked lives”? Give an example.

A

Dependence of the development of one person on the presence, influence, or development of another

Ex.) influence of spouse on the other’s health behaviors

23
Q

Life Course Perspective: what are “Adaptive Strategies”? Give an example.

A

Conscious decisions that people make to improve their health or well-being or social norms that frame the way in which decisions are made to adapt to external changes.

24
Q

What is the Continuity Theory?

A

States that past experiences, decisions, and behaviors form the foundation for the present and future.

25
Q

(Continuity Theory) What is the goal of adapting to changes?

A

Maintain patterns of thought, activities, and habits.

  • strategies used for adaptation come from past experiences
26
Q

What sort of age-related changes would you expect to see in the NERVOUS system?

A

Loss of neurons and myelin, frontal lobe atrophy, unbalanced transmitters, cognitive changes, altered motor skills, diminished sensory input

27
Q

What are some results of age-related changes in the NERVOUS system?

A

Common diseases (e.g. Alzheimer’s), reduced executive function; slowed reaction and mental processing, less stage 3 and 4 sleep, slower fine motor and postural reflexes, shorter/hesitant gait, lower proprioception/ vestibular sensation/ kinesthsia

28
Q

What sort of age-related changes would you expect to see in the CARDIOVASCULAR system?

A

Increased adiposity (atherosclerosis: fatty plaque deposits), endocardium scarring, loss of autorhythmic cells, decreased cardiac output, decreased max heart rate, ulcerations

29
Q

What are some results of age-related changes in the CARDIOVASCULAR system?

A

Hypertension, quickly tiring and SOB, postural/orthostatic hypotension, stroke/heart attack, aneurysms, peripheral vascular disease, thrombus

30
Q

What sort of age-related changes would you expect to see in the RESPIRATORY system?

A

Forced vital lung capacity decreases, lungs lose elastic recoil, loss of surface area of alveoli, stiffening of rib cage, decrease O2 saturation

31
Q

What are some results of age-related changes in the RESPIRATORY system?

A

Decreased tolerance for PA, difficulty expanding rib cage (especially during PA) , disease (COPD, emphysema, chronic bronchitis), Pneumonia

32
Q

What sort of age-related changes would you expect to see in the ENDOCRINE system?

A

Decreased efficiency of hormone release, decreased thyroid activity, decreased aldosterone, elevated cortisol response to stress, decreased insulin production/resistance

33
Q

What are some results of age-related changes in the ENDOCRINE system?

A

Decreased cognitive function/ strength/ sexual function, reduced metabolic rate and mental alertness (subpar thermo - regulation, increased atherosclerosis), increased BP, hyperglycemia, immunosuppression, disease exacerbation (e.g. diabetes, HTN), NIDDM

34
Q

What is the difference between Type I and Type II Diabetes?

A

Type I Diabetes:

  • total lack of insulin (immune system destroys cells that produce insulin)
  • formerly called juvenile-onset or insulin-dependent diabetes
  • 5-10% of diabetics

Type II Diabetes:

  • not enough insulin (deficiency) or can’t use insulin effectively (resistance)
  • formerly called adult-onset or non-insulin-dependent diabetes
  • can occur at any age but most commonly appears in adulthood
  • 90-95% of diabetics
35
Q

What sort of age-related changes would you expect to see in the HEMOTOLOGIC & IMMUNE system?

A

Hemotologic: decreased erythropoiesis (production of red blood cells) secondary to disease

Immune: decreased # T-cells, altered immune surveillance of cancer cells, slow destruction of thymus, increased autoantibodies

36
Q

What are some results of age-related changes in the HEMOTOLOGIC & IMMUNE system?

A

Hemotologic: anemia (blood cells can’t carry oxygen as well [ineffective erythropoiesis] OR not enough blood cells/declining too fast [hypoproliferative]) –> get tired more easily, need more rest breaks, etc.

Immune: infectious disease, cancer, autoimmune disease

37
Q

What sort of age-related changes would you expect to see in the DIGESTIVE system?

A

Loosened/browned teeth, dry mouth, weakened structures (e.g. tongue) and nerves, alterations in taste/smell, decreased gastric acid, decreased vitamin D/B12/iron/calcium absorption, increased bile in gallbladder, decreased liver detoxification efficiency, slowed motility in large intestine, sphincter weakening

38
Q

What are some results of age-related changes in the DIGESTIVE system?

A

Dysphagia, aspiration, decreased desire to eat, cognitive function, bone density, anemia, peptic ulcers, gastritis, stomach cancer, osteoporosis, gallstones, inflammation, medication overdose, lengthening of full sensation, inflammation of intestine; diverticulitis, constipation, fecal incontinence, colon cancer

39
Q

What sort of age-related changes would you expect to see in the GENITOURINARY system?

A

Less efficient functioning and loss of nephrons, diminished substance concentration regulation (e.g. Na), weakened pelvic flood muscles and sphincters, decreased bladder capacity, enlarged prostate, reduced hormones

40
Q

What are some results of age-related changes in the GENITOURINARY system?

A

Proneness to renal failure, difficult to excrete drugs, increased BP, dehydration, UTI/kidney damage, urinary incontinence, sexual dysfunction

41
Q

What are the differences between the following types of incontinence: transient vs. established, urge, stress, overflow, and functional.

A

Transient; sudden onset from an acute condition – CAN be treated

Established; CANNOT be treated; managed but not necessarily cured

  • urge incontinence; overactive bladder
  • stress incontinence; e.g. sneezing causes leakage

Overflow incontinence; pelvic floor muscles are weak. Can’t empty bladder completely when you go to the bathroom

Functional incontinence; inability to go when you want as a result of another condition (e.g. arthritis; can’t unzip pants fast enough; can’t make it to the bathroom on time)

42
Q

What sort of age-related changes would you expect to see in the MUSCULOSKELETAL system?

A

Reduced bone density and mass, collapsing of vertebrae, decreased motor units, decreased number/size/and elasticity of skeletal muscle fibers, decreased synovial fluid, thinned cartilage

43
Q

What are some results of age-related changes in the MUSCULOSKELETAL system?

A

Prone to fractures, decreased height, kyphosis, slowed reaction time, decreased strength/endurance and flexibility

44
Q

What sort of age-related changes would you expect to see in the INTEGUMENTARY system?

A

Slowed skin cell turnover, less melanin, less collagen and elastin, decreased elasticity and hydration, blunted inflammation, subpar sweat gland function, decreased tactile sensitivity, decreased hair follicles and slowed growth, fat layer thinning of face/hands/feet

45
Q

What are some results of age-related changes in the INTEGUMENTARY system?

A

Prone to abrasions/bruises/cancer, thinned skin, pigmentation changes, wrinkles, early signs of skin damage less obvious, thermoregulation issues and overheating, increased pain threshold, thin/white hair, foot conditions

46
Q

Changes to the skin (layers and appearance) are the most visible signs of aging. What sort of changes happen at the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers respectively?

A

Epidermis:

  • Slowed skin turnover rate: usually epidermis is replaced every 28 days but decreases by 30-50% b/w ages 20 and 70
  • Slower skin turnover, less melanin, and flatter basement membrane = prone to abrasions, bruises, and cancer

Dermis:

  • Collagen and elastin decreases = wrinkles and thinning skin
  • Signs of inflammation are blunted = early warning signs of skin damage not obvious
  • Subpar sweat gland function = overheating and heat stroke
  • Decreased tactile sensitivity = increased pain threshold
  • Hair follicles decrease, grow hair slower, and less melanin = thin, white hair that doesn’t protect scalp from sun

Subcutaneous:
* Thinning of this fatty layer in the face, hands, and foot soles = exacerbate foot conditions

47
Q

What sort of age-related changes would you expect to see in the SPECIAL SENSES (Taste, Smell, Touch)?

A

Taste: decreased taste buds and saliva

Smell: decreased olfactory sensations (hyposmia), altered mucosal linings and sensations

Touch: decreased info processing

48
Q

What are some results of age-related changes in the SPECIAL SENSES (Taste, Smell, Touch)?

A

difficulty differentiating food and taste intensity, dry mouth, decreased appetite; malnutrition, decreased hand function and strength

*as you age; your ability to taste salt decrease but you maintain your ability to taste sweets. This may lead to an increased consumption of salt/sweets which are big problems for high blood pressure & diabetes. Yikes!

49
Q

Define Ageism.

A

“Discrimination based on age”

concerns and fears about the vulnerability inherent in later years of life - these feelings translate into contempt and neglect

Adulthood and Aging Midterm Prep (5 decks)

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