Week 4-5 Flashcards
Which of these is the simplest unit of life?
a) organ
b) molecules
c) cell
d) tissue
c) cell
Which feature do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common?
a) ribosomes, plasma membrane, cytoplasm
b) ribosomes, nucleus, plasma membrane
c) mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoplasm
d) mitochondria, cytoplasm, plasma membrane
e) nucleus, plasma membrane, ribosomes
a) ribosomes, plasma membrane, cytoplasm
In addition to the fundamental structures required to be defined as a cell, which cell type(s) also has/have a nucleus and chloroplasts?
a) a bacterium
b) a cell from a pine tree
c) a protist cell and a plant cell
d) a yeast (fungus) cell
e) a cell from the intestinal lining of a cow
c) a protist cell and a plant cell
The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells?
a) rough ER
b) smooth ER
c)Golgi apparatus
d) nuclear envelope
e) lysosomes
b) smooth ER
What is the functional connection between the nucleolus, nuclear pores, and the nuclear membrane?
a) The nucleolus contains messenger RNA (mRNA), which crosses the nuclear envelope through the nuclear pores.
b) The nuclear pores are connections between the nuclear membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum that permit ribosomes to assemble on the surface of the ER.
c) Endoplasmic reticulum membrane is produced in the nucleolus and leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pores.
d) Subunits of ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus and pass through the nuclear membrane via the nuclear pores.
e) none of the above
d) Subunits of ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus and pass through the nuclear membrane via the nuclear pores.
Which of the following correctly describes the pathway taken by a protein destined for secretion from an animal cell?
a) plasma membrane → transport vesicle → Golgi → transport vesicle → rough ER
b) Golgi → rough ER → transport vesicle → plasma membrane
c) rough ER → transport vesicle → lysosome → transport vesicle → plasma membrane
d) rough ER → transport vesicle → Golgi → transport vesicle → plasma membrane
e) rough ER → transport vesicle → Golgi → transport vesicle → lysosome → plasma membrane
d) rough ER → transport vesicle → Golgi → transport vesicle → plasma membrane
Which category best fits the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
a) energy processing
b) manufacturing
c) breakdown of complex foods
d) information storage
e) structural support of cell
b) manufacturing
Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is correct?
a) Transport vesicles move between organelles of the endomembrane system independently from the cytoskeleton.
b) Microfilaments are structurally rigid and resist compression, whereas microtubules resist tension (stretching).
c) Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other.
d) Chemicals that block the assembly of the cytoskeleton would cause little effect on the cell’s response to external signals and stimuli.
e) None of the listed scenarios apply here
c) Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other.
Consider a protein that is made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. When the synthesis of the protein is complete, the protein is located in the ER membrane. Where else in the cell might this protein be found?
a) in a mitochondrion, functioning in ATP synthesis
b) in the internal space of the Golgi apparatus, being modified before the protein is excreted
c) embedded in the plasma membrane, functioning in the transport of molecules into the cell
d) in the aqueous interior of a lysosome, functioning as a digestive enzyme
e) in the cytoplasm, functioning as an enzyme in carbohydrate synthesis
c) embedded in the plasma membrane, functioning in the transport of molecules into the cell
A protein that ultimately functions in the plasma membrane of a cell is most likely to have been synthesized __________.
a) on free cytoplasmic ribosomes
b) in the ribosomes of the mitochondria
c) in the plasma membrane
d) in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
e) in the rough endoplasmic reticulum
e) in the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Chloroplasts and mitochondria are thought to have started as prokaryotes. One piece of support for this hypothesis is these organelles’ prokaryotic-type ribosomes. These ribosomes are probably most similar to ribosomes found __________.
a) free in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes
b) on the rough ER
c) in bacterial cells
d) free in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes and on the rough ER
e) None of the listed responses are correct.
c) in bacterial cells
Which type of cell will have the most mitochondria?
a) nondividing cells in the skin on your finger
b) muscle cells in the legs of a marathon runner
c) inactive yeast cells that are stored for future use
d) bacterial cells that are growing on sugars
e) photosynthetic cells in the leaves of a tree
b) muscle cells in the legs of a marathon runner
The person credited with first recognizing (in the 1850s) that living cells cannot arise spontaneously, but arise only from previously existing cells, is __________.
a) Anton van Leeuwenhoek
b) Watson
c) Robert Hooke
d) Rudolf Virchow
e) Louis Pasteur
d) Rudolf Virchow
Microtubules and microfilaments commonly work with what to perform many of their functions?
a) lysosomes
b) ribosomes
c )Golgi apparatus
d) RNA
e) None of the listed responses is correct.
e) None of the listed responses is correct.
Which structure is found in animal cells but not in plant cells?
a) centrioles
b) plasma membrane
c) rough endoplasmic reticulum
d) Golgi apparatus
e) mitochondria
a) centrioles
Where would you expect to find proteins involved with movement of structures within a cell?
a) muscles
b) transport vesicles
moving from the ER to the Golgi
c) plasma membrane
d) cytoskeleton
e) ribosomes
d) cytoskeleton
Basal bodies are most closely associated with which of the following cell components?
a) cilia
b) the central vacuole
c) Golgi apparatus
d) mitochondria
e) nucleus
a) cilia
Consider two cells with the same volume but with very different surface areas due to differences in their shapes. The cell with the larger surface area is likely to __________.
a) have a very high metabolic rate
b) be nearly spherical in shape
c) be a prokaryotic cell
d) be involved in the rapid uptake of compounds from the cell’s environment
d) be buried deep in the interior of an organism
d) be involved in the rapid uptake of compounds from the cell’s environment
Which statement correctly describes characteristic shared by plant cell walls and an animal cell extracellular matrices?
a) Both are permeable to water and small solutes.
b) Both are synthesized in the ER and Golgi apparatus.
c) Both are composed primarily of carbohydrates.
d) The first two answers are correct.
e) The first three are correct
d) The first two answers are correct.
The walls of plant cells are largely composed of polysaccharides and proteins that are synthesized __________.
a) in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
b) in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the Golgi apparatus
c) externally to the plasma membrane
d) in the Golgi apparatus
e) in the rough endoplasmic reticulum
b) in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the Golgi apparatus
Which statement about the fluid mosaic model is true?
a) Only phospholipids are capable of moving in the membrane.
b) The mosaic aspect of the membrane is due to the glycosylation of inner leaflet phospholipids.
c) The fluid aspect of the membrane is due to the lateral and rotational movement of phospholipids, and embedded proteins account for the mosaic aspect.
d) The fluid aspect of the membrane is due to the behavior of phospholipids, and the mosaic aspect is due to the presence of carbohydrates.
e) The fluid aspect of the membrane describes its structure at normal temperatures, and the mosaic aspect describes the behavior of the membrane as the temperature is lowered.
c) The fluid aspect of the membrane is due to the lateral and rotational movement of phospholipids, and embedded proteins account for the mosaic aspect.
Which functional process is not a consequence of the association of proteins with biological membranes?
a) cell-cell communication
b) intercellular joining
c) cell-cell recognition
d) enzymatic activity
e) energy, carbon, and nitrogen storage
e) energy, carbon, and nitrogen storage
Which process does not occur in dividing bacteria?
a) binary fission
b) inward growth of the plasma membrane
c) replication of DNA
d) separation of the origins of replication
e) mitosis
e) mitosis
Which is involved in the binary fission of bacteria?
a) distribution of a copy of the single parental chromosome to each daughter cell
b) formation of a cell plate
c) disintegration of the nuclear membrane
d) prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
e) formation of a spindle apparatus
a) distribution of a copy of the single parental chromosome to each daughter cell
Which statement is correct concerning carbohydrates associated with the plasma membrane?
a) The carbohydrate composition of most eukaryotic plasma membranes is quite similar.
b) Membrane carbohydrates function primarily in cell-cell recognition.
c) Carbohydrates associated with the plasma membrane are located on both surfaces of the membrane.
d) Carbohydrates are only found associated with the membranes of prokaryotic cells.
e) Carbohydrates on the plasma membrane are typically short chains of between two and five monosaccharides.
b) Membrane carbohydrates function primarily in cell-cell recognition.
Where in the fluid mosaic model of the membrane would carbohydrates be found?
a) on the inside (cytoplasmic) surface of the membrane
b) on the outside (external) surface of the membrane
c) on both hydrophilic surfaces of the membrane, but not in the hydrophobic interior
d) Carbohydrates are rarely associated with plasma membranes.
e) in the interior of the membrane
b) on the outside (external) surface of the membrane
The tail of a phospholipid is _________.
a) Made of carbohydrates
b) Made of proteins
c) Made of nucleic acids
d) Hydrophobic
e) None of the listed responses are correct
d) Hydrophobic
Which molecule is most likely to passively diffuse across the plasma membrane?
a) DNA
b) hemoglobin
c) glucose
d) sodium ion
e) carbon dioxide
e) carbon dioxide
A substance moving from outside the cell into the cytoplasm must pass through __________.
a) the plasma membrane
b) a ribosome
c) the endomembrane system
d) a microtubule
e) the nucleus
a) the plasma membrane
A single-celled organism isolated from a deep-sea hot thermal vent was found to have a cell wall but lacked a nucleus. This organism is most likely a member of which of the following domains?
a) Eukarya
b )Archaea
c) Animalia
d) Plantae
e) Fungi
b )Archaea
The head of a phospholipid is __________.
a) Made of carbohydrates
b) Made of proteins
c) Made of nucleic acids
d) Hydrophobic
e) None of the listed responses are correct
e) None of the listed responses are correct
What is the function of proteins in cell membranes?
a) Cellular transport
b) Photosynthesis
c) Cellular respiration
d) Translation
a) Cellular transport
What is the function of the carbohydrates in the cell membrane?
a) Pumps and channels
b) Communication
c) Strength
d) Break down organelles
e) All of the listed responses are correct.
b) Communication
Which of these statements best describes the function of the cell membrane?
a) It allows substances to freely enter and exit the cell.
b) It controls which substances enter and exit the cell.
c) It prevents substances from entering the cell
d) It prevents substances from leaving the cell.
e) None of the listed responses are correct.
b) It controls which substances enter and exit the cell.
Where are peripheral proteins attached?
a) The surface of the cell membrane via covalent bonds
b) The rough endoplasmic reticulum
c) The Golgi apparatus
d) The interior of the cell membrane
e) All of the listed responses are correct
d) The interior of the cell membrane
If you were studying typical bacteria, what would be most useful
for visualizing them?
A. unaided eye
B. light microscope
C. electron microscope
D. A and B
E. B and C
E. B and C
Which cellular structure is common to all three domains of life?
A. nucleus
B. endoplasmic reticulum
C. mitochondria
D. ribosomes
E. endocytotic vesicles
D. ribosomes
Which would be the most surprising to find as part of a prokaryotic
cell?
A. nucleoid
B. chloroplast
C. ribosome
D. plasma membrane
E. cell wall
B. chloroplast
Cells, such as bacteria, are taken up by other
cells, such as immune cells, by which process?
A. pinocytosis
B. exocytosis
C. receptor-mediated endocytosis
D. phagocytosis
E. facilitated diffusion
D. phagocytosis
Phagocytosis is the cellular “eating”
Enzymes responsible for biosynthesis of membrane lipids would
be located in what part of the cell shown?
A. endoplasmic reticulum
B. nucleus
C. lysosomes
D. Golgi
E. plasma membrane
A. endoplasmic reticulum
Autophagy removes old, damaged organelles like mitochondria.
Which organelle is most critical for autophagy?
A. smooth E R
B. peroxisomes
C. rough E R
D. lysosomes
E. Golgi apparatus
D. lysosomes
Lysomes perform the digestion that is part of autography
What is the correct order for secretion (e.g., a protein such as insulin)?
A. rough E R, endosome, Golgi, smooth E R
B. rough E R, Golgi, smooth E R, exocytosis
C. smooth E R, rough E R, exocytosis, Golgi
D. rough E R, Golgi, transport vesicle,
exocytosis
E. rough E R, Golgi, endosome, exocytosis,
transport vesicle
D. rough E R, Golgi, transport vesicle,
exocytosis
If you applied a drug to block mitochondrial function, what would
an affected cell lack most?
A. protein
B. A T P
C. enzymes
D. vesicles
E. membranes
B. ATP
The mitochondrion is the powerhouse of the cell
Which best describes the structure of a biological membrane?
A. two layers of phospholipids with proteins embedded between the two layers
B. a mixture of covalently linked phospholipids and proteins that determines
which solutes can cross the membrane and which cannot
C. two layers of phospholipids with proteins either crossing the layers or on the
surface of the layers
D. a fluid structure in which phospholipids and proteins move freely between
sides of the membrane
E. two layers of phospholipids (with opposite orientations of the phospholipids in
each layer) with each layer covered on the outside with proteins
C. two layers of phospholipids with proteins either crossing the layers or on the
surface of the layers
A drug that blocks muscular contraction might have disrupted what?
a) microfilaments
b) intermediate
c) filaments
d) ribosomes
e)plasmodesmata
a) microfilaments
Which is a possible reason for grouping the peroxisomes with chloroplasts and mitochondria?
a) They are all involved in ATP synthesis.
b) None of the listed organelles are part of the endomembrane system.
c) They all contain DNA and make some of their own proteins.
d) They all contain two or more membranes.
e) They all participate in detox reactions in cells
b) None of the listed organelles are part of the endomembrane system.
Which cell structure allows selective permeability between a cell and its external environment?
a) endoplasmic reticulum
b) the plasma membrane
c) chloroplasts
d) lysosomes
e) mitochondria
b) the plasma membrane
If a treatment were available that would disrupt the nuclear lamina in living cells, what would you expect to be the most likely immediate consequence for the cell?
a) closure of nuclear pores disrupting transport of materials into and out of the nucleus
b) the loss of chromosome function
c) All of the listed choices are correct
d) a change in the shape of the nucleus
e)the inability of the nucleus to divide during cell division
c) All of the listed choices are correct
A mutation that inactivates an enzyme involved in the modification of sugars associated with glycoproteins is most likely to affect the function of which of the following cellular structures?
a) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
b) None of the listed scenarios apply here
c) transport vesicles produced by the rough endoplasmic retitulum
d) cisternae of the Golgi apparatus
e) transport vesicles produced by the trans face of the Golgi apparatus
d) cisternae of the Golgi apparatus
Cilia and flagella move due to the interaction of the cytoskeleton with what?
a) motor proteins
b) mitochondria
c) pseudopodia
d) actin
e) tubular
a) motor proteins
A researcher wants to film the movement of chromosomes during cell division. Which type of microscope should be chosen and why?
a) transmission electron microscope, because of its high magnifying power
b) light microscope, because the specimen is alive
c) transmission electron microscope, because of its high resolving power
d) scanning electron microscope, because of its ability to visualize the surface of subcellular objects
e) light microscope, because of its high resolving power
b) light microscope, because the specimen is alive
In terms of cellular function, what is the most important difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a) Eukaryotic cells can synthesize proteins but prokaryotic cells cannot.
b) Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized, which allows for specialization.
c) Eukaryotic cells are much more successful than prokaryotic cells.
d) Eukaryotic cells lack many of the organelles found in prokaryotes.
e) Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells.
b) Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized, which allows for specialization.
Which statement about the cytoskeleton is true?
a) Microfilaments are more permanent structures in cells compared to intermediate filaments and microtubules.
b) Intermediate filaments are hollow tubes of protein that provide structural support.
c) Components of the cytoskeleton often mediate the movement of organelles within the cytoplasm.
d) Microtubules are chains of proteins that resist stretching.
e) Plant cells lack a cytoskeleton because they have a rigid cell wall.
c) Components of the cytoskeleton often mediate the movement of organelles within the cytoplasm.
Which type of biological macromolecule is the main component of the plasma membrane?
a) carbohydrate
b) lipid
c) None of the listed choices is correct.
d) nucleic acid
e) protein
b) lipid
Which statement about the role of phospholipids in the structure and function of biological membranes is correct?
a) Phospholipids are completely insoluble in water.
b) Phospholipids form a selectively permeable structure.
c) Phospholipids form a structure in which the hydrophobic portion faces outward.
d) Phospholipids form a single sheet in water.
e) They are triacylglycerols, which are commonly available in foods
b) Phospholipids form a selectively permeable structure.
During binary fission in a bacterium __________.
a) the two DNA molecules attach to the centrioles
b) bacterial circular DNA is replicated but bacterial plasmids are not
c) bacterial circular DNA as well as bacterial plasmids are replicated
d) the two DNA molecules break up into plasmids
e) the two DNA molecules float free in the cell and are guided to daughter cells by a spindle-like apparatus
c) bacterial circular DNA as well as bacterial plasmids are replicated
Under the fluid mosaic model, where in the plasma membrane would cholesterol most likely be found?
a) in the interior and on the inside surface, but not on the outside surface
b) on either surface of the membrane, but not in the interior of the membrane
c) on the inside (cytoplasmic) surface
d) on the outside (external) surface of the membrane
e) wedged between phospholipid molecules in the interior of the membrane
e) wedged between phospholipid molecules in the interior of the membrane
Proteins are not embedded in the cell membrane.
False
True
FALSE
When a potassium ion (K+) moves from the soil into the vacuole of a root cell , it must pass through several cellular structures. Which of the following correctly describes the order in which these structures will be encountered by the ion?
a) cell wall → plasma membrane → cytoplasm → vacuole
b) plasma membrane → cell wall → cytoplasm → vacuole
c) cell wall → plasma membrane → vacuole → cytoplasm
d) plasma membrane → cell wall → lysosome → cytoplasm → vacuole
e) None of the listed scenarios apply here
a) cell wall → plasma membrane → cytoplasm → vacuole
Dye injected into a plant cell might be able to enter an adjacent cell through __________.
a) a plasmodesma
b) a gap junction
c) a tight junction
d) a cell wall
e) a microtubule
a) a plasmodesma
Bacterial cells are prokaryotic. Unlike a typical eukaryotic cell they __________.
a) have no ribosomes
b) lack chromosomes
c) cannot replicate their DNA
d) lack a plasma membrane
e) lack membrane-bounded organelles in their cytoplasm
e) lack membrane-bounded organelles in their cytoplasm
You would know a dividing cell was a plant cell rather than an animal cell if you saw that __________.
a) it had formed a cell plate
b) it had two pairs of centrioles during prophase
c) the nucleolus was visible during metaphase
d) it had microtubules
e) it had formed a cleavage furrow
a) it had formed a cell plate
Which is involved in the binary fission of bacteria?
a) formation of a cell plate
b) formation of a spindle apparatus
c) disintegration of the nuclear membrane
d) prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
e) distribution of a copy of the single parental chromosome to each daughter cell
e) distribution of a copy of the single parental chromosome to each daughter cell
Which is/are most likely to be involved in the process of producing proteins for a chloroplast or mitochondrion?
a )transport vesicles
b) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
c) the Golgi apparatus
d) rough endoplasmic reticulum
e) free cytoplasmic ribosomes
e) free cytoplasmic ribosomes
You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to ___________.
a) secrete a lot of protein
b) make a lot of ATP
c) move rapidly
d) absorb nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract
e) store large quantities of ions
a) secrete a lot of protein
Your intestine is lined with individual cells. No fluids leak between these cells from the gut into your body. Why?
a) The intestinal cells are bound together by the extracellular matrix.
b) The intestinal cells are fused together into one giant cell.
c) The intestinal cells are bound together by gap junctions.
d) The intestinal cells are bound together by tight junctions.
e) The intestinal cells are bound together by plasmodesmata.
d) The intestinal cells are bound together by tight junctions.
Which molecule will diffuse most quickly across a lipid bilayer?
a) glucose
b) protein molecule
c) H2O
b) O2 (oxoigen)
c) Na+ (sodium ions)
b) O2 (oxoigen)
All statements describe major functions of membrane proteins, EXCEPT:
a) Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
b) Cell-cell recognition
c) Protein synthesis
d) Cellular transport
c) Protein synthesis
Which correctly compares the extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells to cell walls of plant cells?
a) The ECM and plant cell walls completely cover the plasma membrane of their respective cells.
b) Both the ECM and plant cell walls provide rigid structures that determine the shape of their respective cells.
c) Cell walls and ECMs provide for tight contact between adjacent cells.
d) The structures that are external to the plasma membrane are essentially independent of the plasma membrane in both groups.
e) Both the ECM and the plant cell wall are composed of varying mixtures of proteins and carbohydrates.
e) Both the ECM and the plant cell wall are composed of varying mixtures of proteins and carbohydrates.
Which is/are likely to limit the maximum size of a cell?
a) None of the choices is correct.
b) the time it takes a molecule to diffuse across a cell
c) diffusion time, surface area-to-volume ratio, and shape
d) the shape of the cell
e) the cell’s surface-to-volume ratio
c) diffusion time, surface area-to-volume ratio, and shape
A researcher made an interesting observation about a protein made by the rough endoplasmic reticulum and eventually found in a cell’s plasma membrane. The protein in the plasma membrane was actually slightly different from the protein made in the ER. The protein was probably altered in the __________.
a) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
b) plasma membrane
c) Golgi apparatus
d) transport vesicles
e) rough endoplasmic reticulum
c) Golgi apparatus
A researcher disrupts cells and separates subcellular components using centrifugation. What is the primary factor that determines whether a specific cellular component remains in the liquid solution or ends up in the pellet?
a) how hydrophobic the component is
b) the relative solubility of the component
c) the relative size and weight of the component
d) None of the listed scenarios apply here
e) the carbohydrate composition of the component
c) the relative size and weight of the component
In the phospholipid bilayer, which ways do the nonpolar tails face?
a) The directions are scattered.
b) Towards the exterior
c) None of the listed choices are correct.
d) Towards the interior
e) No tails exist in the phospholipid bilayer.
d) Towards the interior
