Week 4+5 Flashcards
Explain the rationale of value-based payment (VBP) reform (Uitleg over de grondgedachte van de hervorming van op waarde gebaseerde betalingen (VBP).
The way we pay for healthcare incentivizes volume instead of value (Prof. Ahaus based on Porter 2010)
- Fee for service werkt samenwerking tegen.
waarde wordt bereikt door verschillende dimensies (de 5 stappen), manier van payment is daar essentieel bij.
Waarom andere betaling:
- * Financial incentives influence provider behavior
- * Providers in position to influence demand patients demand for medical care. (Aanbieders in een positie om de vraag van patiënten naar medische zorg te beïnvloeden.)
ofwel: It would not make sense to pursue VBHC while maintaining payment systems that provide disincentives for value
Explain how predominant provider payment methods are ill-aligned with value (Leg uit hoe de overheersende betalingswijzen van aanbieders slecht zijn afgestemd op waarde)
The way we pay for healthcare incentivizes volume instead of value (Prof. Ahaus based on Porter 2010)
Fee-for-service counteracts collaboration Bundled payment for integrated stroke care (Dr. Roozenbeek)
What is bundle payment?
BP: A single, prospective payment per period for accepting accountability for the provision of a bundle of care services related to a condition.
2 dimensions
- across time (So for a hip replacement a single payment could include the pre- visit, operation, nursing care and follow-up visits.),
- Across providers: these providers may working in the same setting or in different settings. It covers al the services provided in the same hospital: surgeons, nurses.
In different settings could be a payment for a stroke per
bundle. Comprising both hospital related services and services provided afterwards rehabilitation clinic.
What is pay for performance?
Pay-for-perfomance: Explicit financial incentives for ‘good performance’ as measured by a set of predefined indicators (Expliciete financiële stimulansen voor “goede prestaties”, gemeten aan de hand van een reeks vooraf vastgestelde indicatoren)
Assess the merits and pitfalls of P4P
pro’s:
✓ Theoretically and intuitively appealing
✓ May contribute to better care (if done well)
✓ May enable providers to invest in quality
Con’s
➢ ‘Performance’ difficult to measure (especially outcomes) especially hold for outcomes. There are also things important for patients beside outcomes/ performances. By pay- for- performance they only look at outcomes.
➢ Flawed incentives in underlying payment system left intact p4p is not possible to have an impact of the overall value.
➢ Might lead to undesired strategic behavior focusing on measuring outcomes. Select patients where it is easy to provide higher performance scores, so that they get more money. Manipulating the data, so performance scores look better (gaming the system)
Assess the merits and pitfalls of BP
BP advantages:
- ✓ Minimize costs for care covered by the payment
✓ Coordinate care well, realize seamless integrated care
✓ Improve quality (of care) by reducing harmful overtreatment
✓ Prevent complications (if part of bundle)
Limitations/risks
➢ Unwarranted increase in the number of bundles
➢ Underutilization of necessary services providers could go too far and underuse necessary services too. This can be solved by giving incentives about quality. So you get a bonus when you’re quality is okay.
➢ Risk selection (‘cherry picking’) providers might try to get patients with low expected costs and even avoid patients with high expected costs. Then you pick patients on their age, comorbidity etc.
➢ Compartmentalization of patients into separate conditions bundled payment might lead to compartmentalization. That could lead to fragmentation. And this problematic for the increasing number of patients with multiple conditions. This patients needs a holistic approach. Something that a bundled payment does not facilitate. Because they facilitate it for one condition.
Summarize the key findings from empirical research on effects of BP- and P4P-initiatives in practice
Key findings hospital value based purchasing in the US:
* P4P in US hospitals did so far not have the expected effects
* The effectiveness of P4P is linked to the other elements of the value agenda
* We have not discussed effects of bundled payments (but literature has been provided on this)
Describe and distinguish between the VBP-types bundled payment (BP) and pay-for-performance (P4P) (Beschrijven en onderscheiden van de VBP-types gebundelde betaling (BP) en prestatiebeloning (P4P).)
BP: * Ideally covers the complete cycle of care (but rare in practice) so not only elements of the care, without any coordination between the providers.
* Aggregates payments for separate services (into a single payment)
P4P:
- Pay-for-perfomance: Explicit financial incentives for ‘good performance’ as measured by a set of predefined indicators
Compare and contrast existing international initiatives that aim to measure and benchmark the quality/value/performance of healthcare delivery.
existing international initiatives:
- Value based payments have introduced in the US for medicare. Medicare is the care that is provided to those age 66 and older in the US. It is largely funded by the government. And that is why the government has a say in the way healthcare providers get payed.
The government has less to say about private insurers, pay health care providers.
3 performance programs:
- Hospital value based purchasing: hospitals compares outcomes of hospitals. Thereby trying to correct for case mix in the hospitals. So that the outcomes are comparable. Then there is a bonus for hospitals that do better than average and a malus for hospitals that to worse
- Hospital readmission reduction: looks specifically at readmissions. It assumes that certain readmissions could have been avoided if good quality care has been provided. Hospital are compared to their peers. And those hospitals who are worse receive a malus.
- Hospital- acquired condition reduction: looks at infection and hospital acquired conditions that could have been prevented had good quality of care provided. Hospital are compared to their peers. And those hospitals who are worse receive a malus.
het Quality and Outcomes Framework, : waarbij een kwart van het inkomen van huisartsen is gekoppeld aan metingen van hun prestaties. - VS
ICHOM : PAris (Prom’s en PREM’s)
What is the affordable care act? (ACA)
wet op georganiseerde zorg; America (belangrijke mijlpaal in de richting van het verzekeren van een groot deel van de bevolking
2 elements
- Expand health insurance coverage (to insure that more citizens can use the healthcare they need, without financial problems)
- Improve value of care
International: medicare program (HQID) which process measures?
The majority of these process measures focus on insuring that health care provider has given or prescribed something. These are basic measures to focus on.
For example:
- acute myocardial infarction:
- % of pt who were given aspirin on arrival
- % of pt who were given a …
–> If we look at final outcomes as patient mortality within 30 days after admission. We see no impact of HQID on patient mortality. They compared the Premier with the other hospitals who were not invited.
Which 3 ways of pay for performance in the affordable care act (America)
- Hospital value based purchasing the study who has been evaluated before
- Hospital readmission reduction
- Hospital- acquired condition reduction.
- Ziekenhuiswaarde gebaseerd op aankoop van de studie die eerder is geëvalueerd
- Vermindering van ziekenhuisopnames
- Vermindering van ziekenhuisverworven aandoeningen.
Does it work?
Hospital readmission reduction program
“Largest declines in surgical readmissions were seen among the nontargeted procedures.”
conclusion
That suggest that this p4p focusing on readmission had very little effect.
Hospital acquired condition reduction
“Penalization was not associated with significant changes in rates of hospital acquired conditions.”
Also this program was not effecting reaching it targets focusing on acquired condition reduction
There was a lot of focus on value of care in the ACA. How did it work out? it wasn’t as successful as hoped.
Conclusion on pay for performance in US hospitals:
“So far, there’s no evidence the [P4P] program has improved quality or patient satisfaction: the financial incentives are too weak to drive any meaningful changes across hospitals. The program’s design, with numerous measures across different domains, makes it hard for hospitals to understand what to focus on.” – Jose Figueroa
- P4P in US hospitals did so far not have the expected effects
- P4P has also been introduced in nursing homes, dialysis centers and primary care
- The effectiveness of P4P is linked to the other elements of the value agenda
- We have not discussed effects of bundled payments (but literature has been provided on this)
- We looked at the overall effects for the average Medicare population “ While financial incentives to providers or patients are increasingly common as a quality improvement strategy, their impact on patient subgroups and health care disparities is unclear. ” – Rosenthal. It could be the case p4p that is effective for subgroups.
Learn on the specific challenges to implement Value Based Payment in practice
ontbreken : hoe meten we
- het huidige systeem is niet gebouwd om naar het proces te kijken
Learn on advantages and disadvantages of Value Based Payment from the perspective of the health insurer
advantages
- value based payment
- VBC is geschikt voor medische aandoeningen met grote variatie in kosten en kwaliteit en een gefragmenteerde patiëntreis
- Gebundelde betalingen zullen de balans van risico’s in de gezondheidszorg verschuiven om HI-kosten (Health insurence ) duurzaam te maken
Disadvantages
- we hebben momenteel een systeem wat niet gebouwd is om per proces te kijken.
- hoe? (evidence ontbreekt, hoe beste betalen / incentive ect).
What is the main challenge for a insurer making choices?
HC providers
want to expand
=
Pushing costs
HI members are
more end more
price sensitive
=
Pushes budget
downt
Waar moet een verzekeraar aan denken bij keuzes?
1.
What kind of treatments
to we contract? E.g.
prostectomy
2.
Which hospitals do we
contract? Hospitals with
a minimum of 30
procedures a year or
Martini klinicum with >
300 per surgeon?
3.
What price do we pay?
Market average, average
10% best prices, integral
price voor treatment and
complications in first
year?
4.
How much budget do we
give a hospital? Open
volume, historic volume
plus trend, 50% volume
last year, no budget?
What are the disadvantage of the fee for service model?
*
Stimulates volume
*
Stimulates
overtreatment
*
Stimulates
medicalisation of
social/behavioral
aspects of health
*
Limits integral care
*
Limits prevention
*
Limit’s patient
centered care and
shared decision
making
Wt voor soort manieren zijn er te onderscheiden om zorgaanbieders te belonen voor hogere kwaliteit van zorg of beteren uitkomsten bij patiënten?
bonus payment = A
bonus / penalty on the existing payment when the quality
standard is reached or not
bundle payment = One
off or periodic payment for a series of (bundled) treatments ,
related to the care path, provided by one or more healthcare
providers. In addition, agreements are made about shared savings
Population based payment = Periodic payment for delivering all care to
a group of patients,
complete care path across all healthcare providers. In addition,
agreements are made about shared savings
What is the logic behind alternative payment models
zie schrift