Week 4 Flashcards
Cardioversion therapy can be used to treat?
atrial-related causes of arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation. It involves external shock therapy to the chest to restore normal cardiac rhythm
A dual wire pacemaker places tips in the
RA & RV
What are cardiac ablation treatments?
Used for arrhythmias
Cardiac arrythmia of bradycardia involve
SA and AV nodes
life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia
Ventricular fibrillation (Vfib)
Complication of atrial fibrillation
atrial emboli formation
Tachycardia vs bradycardia and numbers associated
Tachycardia - high rate-over 100 bpm
Bradycardia - low rate-less than 60 bpm
A longer PR interval?
AV node block
A widened QRS complex
ventricular hypertrophy, paced rhythm, and pacemaker is paced rhythm node.
QRX complex
depolarization of ventricular muscle
What is the normal flow of electrical impulses through the cardiac conduction system
The SA node makes the atrial muscles contract, signal travels to the AV node, through the bundle of HIS, down the bundle branches, and through the Purkinje fibers, causing the ventricles to contract.
This resting membrane potential is maintained by an active transport mechanism called
the sodium-potassium ion pump.
Repolarization is
the cardiac cell’s return to its normal resting membrane potential
Adequate perfusion of human tissue generally requires?
systolic pressure greater than 90 mm Hg
Inform the patient’s nurse anytime a catheter or line appears loose.
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Swan-Gans Catheter vs. Central Venous (CV) catheter
Swan-Gans cath is a pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) that is inserted in the pulmonary artery to directly measure pressures in the right side of the heart and cardiac output. CV is placed in a large vein near the heart usually to deliver meds and fluids-also tells what central venous pressure is
In the correct placement of a CV line, using a right-sided approach, the catheter tip should not cross the midline and should be located in the superior vena cava.
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Cardiac arrest, check pulse where on a patient?
Carotid artery
Pneumothorax and tubes used?
Pneumothorax=collapsed lung. Chest tube (thoracostomy tube) is used
Thoracostomy tubes are used to?
I.e. chest tube used to drain fluid from pleural space, remove air from pleural space, deliver medications to pleural space (sometimes)
CV line placement complications
catheter dislodgment and occlusions resulting from the accumulation of blood clots or drug precipitates.
Preferred location of CV line tip?
superior vena cava, approximately 2 to 3 cm above the right atrial junction
Ideal location of ET tip (endotracheal tube)
Mid tracheal point(T1-T2)
Do not remove oxygen when taking an x-ray with a patient on oxygen therapy
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What is hypoxia?
an inadequate amount of oxygen at the cellular (tissue) level.
Reduced oxygen supply to tissue
2 supplies needed to measure blood pressure?
blood pressure cuff & stethoscope
most accurate way to detect temperature
Rectal thermometer
The flow rate of oxygen given?
Liters per min
What is High-flow oxygen, and what is used to deliver it?
Flow rate that meets or exceeds the patient’s peak inspiratory flow. Delivered through Air-entrapment or blending system is used (pg 206)
Systolic/Diastolic
systolic is peak pressure during contraction of the heart; diastolic is the measure of the constant pressure on the arterial vessels walls when the heart is relaxed (pg 202)
Define bradypnea
abnormal slowness of breathing (pg 197)
Know all that applies to respiratory measurements
Rate
Depth
Pattern
Respiratory rate for adults averages 12 to 20 breaths/min
Adult respiration quality refers to the rhythm, depth and degree of effort
Respiratory rates in children should be measured for at least one minute, may alter if the patient is supine
Note: The last three were highlighted in the slides
Temporal artery temperature of 100 degrees = normal
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What is a pulse oximeter?
Measures oxygen levels within the body and heart rate
Body homeostasis and a key strength of using vital signs as an indicator of homeostasis is that they?.
Vital signs assessment is objective, non-invasive, and quick
Adequate breathing consists of
Adult respiration quality refers to the rhythm, depth and degree of effort
The usual vital signs measured include?
Blood pressure/pulse/blood oxygen levels/respiration rate/temperature
What is a Geiger-Muller counter?
measures radiation present
What is a pocket dosimeter?
Shows radiation absorbed
When laser light stimulates the sensing material in an OSL, the aluminum oxide material luminescence in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure received
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If a technologist stands 2 m from an X-ray table and receives an exposure rate of 4 mR/hh, the exposure rate would be 1 mR/h if the person stands 4 m from the table.
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The monthly equivalent dose to the embryo or fetus does not exceed 0.5mSv; 0.05rem
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What is ALARA?
As Low As Reasonably Achievable (pg 99) keep radiation levels as low as you can
What is the function of an X-ray beam filter?
selectively absorbing low-energy photons from the X-ray beam
The radiographic beam should be no larger than the image receptor
Acute Radiation Syndrome stages (in order) and what is associated with each
-1)Prodromal phase- nausea/vomiting/diarrhea
2)Latent period changes are happening, but they feel fine
3)Manifest stage- feel full effects of exposure. They either recover or die (pg 122)
Indirect action of ionizing radiation
most prevalent and most harmful to the body
What is photoelectric absorption?
Photoelectric absorption occurs when an incoming x-ray photon strikes an inner shell electron and ejects it from its orbit around the nucleus of the atom, creating an ion pair.
What is the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau?
Cellular radiosensitivity is principally a result of the rate and duration of cellular mitosis.
Modified to take into account the time interval in the cell life cycle, the ionizing event occurred
What is photoelectric interaction?
A process where a photon completely transfers its energy to an electron within an atom, causing the electron to be ejected from the atom.
Material commonly used to shield?
Lead apron
A given dose of radiation generally has the greatest potential for damage in tissues that have more rapidly dividing cells.
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What is occupational exposure?
Exposure that happens at work
