WEEK 4

Question 1

Francophone AND Anglophone Canada relationship….inevitable ?

Answer 1

tense. fractured. 3 yrs after celebration, Canada found itself in dsarray and on the verge of becoming a police state!!!!

Police patrolled by CAD army.

AARON HUGHES said: while Bourassa and liberals came to power in the provincial elections, trouble was festering behind the scenes in Quebec as violence would soon erupt into the open…….Suggests was INEVITABLE as a result of Canada’s divided past and 2 founding cultures.

Question 2

October Crisis, 1960s

Answer 2

Chain of events with several repercussions. VIOLENCE in Mtl. 1960s set the stage for it (FLQ was launching them into crisis).
- culminated in a long series of terrorist attacks perpetuated by the FLQ in 1970

Started October 1970 when members of the Front de Liberation du Quebec kidnapped the provincial Labour Minister Pierre Laporte.

Described with TWO SOLITUDES by Hugh MacLennan

Question 3

Robert Bourassa

Answer 3

Became premier of Quebec April 29th, 1970 after his party beat the Union Nationale.
- served as a memebr of the liberal party of quebec.

Appointed Pierre Laporte as deputy PREMIER, Parliamentary leader, minister of immigration and minister of labour and manpower.

He was condemned by federalists for losing the reins of government to the separatist Parti Quebeqois.

Question 4

Why October crisis was inevitable (Hughes)

Answer 4

2 founding cultures:
- Language (anglophone = minimal french)
- Religion
- Customs

These were irreconcilable. British took control of their new colony from the french through war meant that the nature of their relationship in the “New World” was predicated on resentment and MISTRUST!!

Francophones were upset about not being well represented in nations political and business communities.

Provincialism and regionalism - undid the efforts to achieve unity.

Question 5

OCTOBER CRISIS EXPOSED:

Answer 5

FRAGILITY that lay at heart of canadian experiment –> two solitudes

Question 6

Official Langauges Act

Answer 6

1969. Prior to this act, Canada’s federal government operated mainly in English — made many french canadians feel like secondary citizens.

Commissioner was tasked with the promotion of english and french as langauge of both service and work, and facilitating the teaching of French immersion in English-langauge schools across canada

Question 7

Canadian Radio and Television Commission

Answer 7

issued the first set of guidelines for Canadian content regulations for tele-vision and radio. This meant that all radio and television broadcasters needed to air a certain percentage of content that was at least partly written, produced, presented, or otherwise contributed to by Canadians. Such attempts to encourage bilingualism and the creation of a national identity were undermined by the events of October 1970.

Question 8

JUST WATCH ME

Answer 8

OCTOBER 12TH - NATIONAL DEFENCE ACT EMPLOYED by Pierre Trudeau (major federalist)

National defence act –> led to canadian forces troops being called out to supPort the police in Ottawa.

“Well, just watch me” emerged when Tim Ralfe (cbc reporter) asked how far PM would go dealing with FLQ….thats how Trudeau responded. Trudeau said hed go any distance to stop FLQ from terrorizing the streets of Montreal.

OCTOBER 16TH - WAR MEASURES ACT
- represented the federal means to respond to a declaration of war, invasion or insurrection
- gave police more power
- invoking was unprecedented: curtailed right to all canadians not just quebec but was supported by all canadians.

Question 8

FLQ

Answer 8

Front de Liberation du Quebec

upset that canada was so slow in creating political solutions to quebec’s alienation from the rest of Canada.

compared themselves to african americans in usa.

their goal: overthrow provincial government by violent means, gain independence from Canada and establish a french speaking society.

they viewed other part of canada with anglosaxon imperialism:
- wanted to create an independent nation that would reverse years of injustice and linguistic discrimination.

Engaged in protests and strukes in solidary right up to the october crisis.

Question 9

THE important day: October 13th, 1970

Answer 9

When trudeau said “just watch me”
signalled gov was willing to do anything including curtail rights of all canadians to attain objectives
This use of emergency powers resulted in subversion of many features of the democratic process and HR abuses
Looooots of censorship with newspapers
War measures act impacted in many ways
Ppl in BC arrested (Vancouver Liberation Front) which was a group sympathetic to FLQ bc they distributed their manifesto
DIRECT limit to free speech

Question 10

THE important day October 30th, 1995

Answer 10

Quebec Referendum. Reflected the province’s ongoing debate about sovereignty and its place within Canada.

Parti Québécois (PQ), led by Premier Jacques Parizeau, was advocating for Quebec’s independence from Canada, while the federalist camp, led by Jean Chrétien and the Liberal Party, opposed the secession.

Question 11

referendum questioning, campagin, public sentiment

Answer 11

The referendum asked Quebecers if they wanted to “sovereignize” Quebec and negotiate a new agreement with Canada, which would potentially lead to independence.

Campaigns: The “Yes” side (sovereigntists) argued for the benefits of independence and a distinct Quebec identity. The “No” side (federalists) warned of economic uncertainty and the risks of separation.

Public Sentiment: The campaign was highly contentious, with both sides employing vigorous and emotional rhetoric. The referendum campaign polarized public opinion and was marked by a high level of voter engagement.

Question 12

outcome and immediate reaction of referendum

Answer 12

Result: The referendum result was incredibly close, with 50.58% voting “No” and 49.42% voting “Yes.” The narrow margin highlighted the deep divisions within Quebec and across Canada.

Aftermath: The narrow defeat of the sovereignty movement led to immediate and intense reactions. Jacques Parizeau, the leader of the PQ, made a controversial speech blaming ethnic minorities and the federal government for the loss, which drew criticism and sparked further debates.

Hughes: “What was supposed to be an inclusive nationalism, one that reflected and celebrated a multiethnic and multilingual Quebec, where the rights of all minorities would be protected, fizzled with Parizeau’s unfortunate word choice.” (p. 144)

Question 13

significance and imapct of referendum

Answer 13

Political Implications: The referendum underscored the continuing debate over Quebec’s status and the future of federalism in Canada. It demonstrated the resilience of Canadian federalism and the complex nature of national unity.
Long-Term Effects: The 1995 referendum had lasting effects on Canadian politics, leading to increased efforts to address Quebec’s concerns within the federal system. It also contributed to the development of policies aimed at addressing Quebec’s unique status and demands

Historical Importance: The referendum is considered a defining moment in Canadian history, revealing the intense regionalism and the challenges of maintaining national unity in a diverse country.
Scholarly Views: Scholars view the referendum as a critical event that shaped the political landscape of Canada, influencing future discussions on federalism and the relationship between Quebec and the rest of Canada.

Question 14

NEW FRANCE

Answer 14

PUSH and PULL drivers that encouraged colonization…. in EUROPE things shifting:

1. slavery being widely practiced
2. Renaissance intellects started thinking beyond boundaries
3. christian church fracturing

motivations of early exporing:
- gold and exploration
- interest in boosting territorial claims

Question 15

New France and Religion

Answer 15

The French regime introduced a Christianizing mission early into settlement.
Female religous orders had more success administering schools and hospitals than converting Indigenous women.

Question 16

New France and disease

Answer 16

europeans brought diesases and devastated WENDAT and other indigenous populations. led to:
- loss of life
- loss of leadership
- loss of knowledge

Question 17

New France and Administrative CONTROL

Answer 17

They got economic, political structure and stability when proclaimed by a Royal Colony

Tried diversifying Canadas economy by creating a COMPACT colony
introudced policies to make population successful and large

Question 18

empires in conflict: fall of new Frace, 7 year war

Answer 18

Growing concerns about Acadian neutrality result in their expulsion from Acadia in 1755
France begins war with important victories, but loses Louisbourg and the St. Lawrence in 1758
Resulting naval blockade makes Canada vulnerable to attack
Quebec, Montreal fall in 1759, 1760
Britain emerges as the dominant imperial power in North America

Question 19

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham

Answer 19

Too place on 13th Sept 1759, also knowna s the Battle of Quebec

A pivotal moment in the Seven Years’ War and subsequently in the history of Canada

A British invasion force led by General James Wolfe defeated French troops under the Marquis de Montcalm, leading to the surrender of Quebec to the British (both commanding officers died from wounds sustained during the battle)

The French never recaptured Quebec and effectively lost control of New France in 1760

At the end of the war in 1763 France surrendered many of its colonial possessions, including Canada, to the British

Question 20

Conquest in popular memory

Answer 20

Canada had to be incorporated within the British Empire

popular memory: Historian Jocelyn Létourneau argues the events of 1759 have been transformed into “mythistory” (or popular memory): creation of the GRAND NARRATIVE

Question 21

Grand Narrative

Answer 21

…The vision of 1759 currently predominating in public discourse – that of the Conquest as cataclysmic and essentially destructive – is largely the creation of [those] who seek to use history to foster a national consciousness among the Québécois that is founded on a belief in destiny usurped and progress thwarted.”

Question 22

Post Conquest

Answer 22

The Royal Proclamation of 1764 (policies to assimilated failed)
The Quebec Act of 1774 (guaranteed freedom of worship and restored French property rights and civil law) – British sought legitimacy by balancing old and new instruments of rule

The Constitutional Act of 1791 (a compromise that divided the colonies and created separate elected Legislative assemblies)

Question 23

POST CONQUEST Governance system:

Answer 23

BRITISH GOVERNMENT

The Canadas (2 provinces) - 1791:
1. lower canada (french civil law)
2. upper canada (british laws)

Question 24

Durham Report

Answer 24

Lord Durham sent from Britain to find out what had caused the unrest.

Report led to a series of reforms that merged the two Canadas into the Province of CAnada

Question 25

The Rise of Quebec Nationalism

Answer 25

quebec nationalism isn most associated with the soverignty movement and parti quebeqois but need to consider deeeeep roots going back to 19th C

REBELLIONS in Canada. SO: french nationalism developed from the NEED for english canaada to recognize rights of french canadians.

20th Century, strong nationalists flirted with idea of a separatist state.

French Canadian nationalism born out of the experience of peasentry.

Question 26

Les nationalistes

Answer 26

Henri Bourassa
Bourassa first elected at 22 for mayor
was then elected as liberal MP in 1989 campaign
Bourassa initially seen as a powerhouse political but quickly seen as a neusance bc he was no good for nation
enri Bourassa was an important Canadian nationalist leader who supported Canada’s increased independence from the British Empire. Bourassa was also an advocate for French Canadian rights within Canada.
CULTURAL complexity should be embraced in a way that both french and brit canadians could connection and unite against AMERICANS

Question 27

Je me souviens

Answer 27

“I remember”

comes to mean different things to different people.

Question 28

Maurice Duplessis and the Union Nationale Party

Answer 28

Figurehead of French Nationalism
Economic growth through resource development (Quebec as a hydroelectricity supplier): led to the new foundation of Quebec

Question 29

New Quebec Urban Intellectual Elite

Answer 29

POST WWII, secular intellects sought to promote urban, secular, liberal characteristics.

Were sensitive to the barriers on economic development.

Question 30

SPECTRUM OF NEO-NATIONALISTS and LIBERALS

Answer 30

Liberals and Neo-nationalists (Liberal Party, eventually neo-nationalists became Parti Quebecois)

Radical Nationalists (FLQ)

Question 31

Quebec’s Quiet Revolution (1960)

Answer 31

Time of REFORM and REVOLUTION.
Decline in population
decline in traditional family
Increased immigration (ppl from latin america, africa)
1963: Nationalization of hydropower (government nationalised hydropower)

Question 32

Quebec’s Nationalist Movement

Answer 32

• The nationalist movement in Quebec emerged from a collective frustration with the province’s socio-political and economic conditions. Many Quebecers felt alienated and disempowered, especially in the face of perceived dominance by English-speaking institutions, businesses, and media. The movement drew inspiration from Third World liberation movements, which were gaining momentum globally during the mid-20th century. These movements, often characterized by anti-colonial sentiment and a drive for self-determination, resonated with Quebecers who sought to assert their cultural and linguistic identity.

FRONT de LIBERATION du Quebec (FLQ)
The FLQ was a radical and militant group formed in the early 1960s that aimed to overthrow what it viewed as oppressive institutions controlling Quebec society. This included opposition to the Catholic Church, which, despite its historical role in shaping Quebec’s identity, was seen by some as an agent of conservatism and control. The FLQ sought to dismantle colonial symbols and structures, including English media outlets and companies that discriminated against French-speaking Quebecers. Their activism often included acts of sabotage and destruction as symbolic protests against these institutions.

COLONIAL SYMBOLS: The movement viewed English dominance in media, business, and public life as vestiges of colonial control. Activists targeted symbols they associated with this colonial legacy, such as the prominence of English-language media in Quebec, which was seen as a tool for cultural assimilation. Similarly, they criticized companies and enterprises that marginalized French-speaking workers or promoted Anglicization in the workplace.

EMERGENCE OF PQ:
Founded in 1968 by René Lévesque and other like-minded leaders, the Parti Québécois (PQ) marked the shift from militant activism to a more legal and political approach to Quebec’s liberation movement. The PQ aimed to achieve sovereignty for Quebec through democratic means, emphasizing the protection of the French language, culture, and identity. Its performance in the 1970 provincial election—winning 7 seats and 23% of the popular vote—signaled a growing support for nationalist ideas and laid the foundation for the movement’s legitimacy within Quebec’s political system.

Question 33

Terrorism in Quebec - 1963

Answer 33

April 1963: FLQ bombing CAD Armed Forces centre

May 1963: FLQ mailbox bombs in Montreal, canadian english centre

1969: FLQ bombs Montreal Stock Exchange

Question 34

Legacy of the October Crisis

Answer 34

Effects of actions lasted for decades - but first time terrorism was used as a word to describe situation.

Significance of the October Crisis:
- demonstrated continued tensions between francophones and anglophones
- lots of provincial anglophone residents relocate outside Quebec

• significant for gov powers: the curtailing of rights and freedoms, intimidation of the media and its impact on Canadian democracy

Question 35

PARTI QUEBECOIS and SOVERIGNTY

Answer 35

1976: Parti Quebecois elected in Quebec
- PQ focused on nationalist agenda of language (wanted to see it prosper bc considered super important for survival of a french Canadian nation)

1963-69: Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism
- introduced french in school and introduced jobs in parliament

1969: official langauges act

1977: Bill 101
- PQ made its langauge policy clear w/ charter of the french language

Question 36

Failure of Meech Lake and Charlottetown accords

Answer 36

context: Both the Meech Lake Accord (1987) and the Charlottetown Accord (1992) were constitutional reform efforts aimed, in part, at recognizing Quebec as a “distinct society” within Canada. This recognition was sought to address Quebec’s unique cultural and linguistic identity and its historical grievances regarding its place within the Canadian federation.

Quebec’s Reaction to the Accords’ Failure
When both accords ultimately failed to gain the necessary support, many Quebecers viewed this as a rejection of their identity and a dismissal of their aspirations for greater autonomy. The failure deepened feelings of alienation and frustration, as it reinforced the belief that the rest of Canada was unwilling to accommodate Quebec’s distinct status or respect its rights as a nation within a nation.

collapse of them fuled tension between quebec and fed gov

!!!!!!!!The unresolved tensions from the failure of the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords set the stage for Quebec’s second referendum on sovereignty in 1995. The continued perception that Quebec’s cultural and political rights were not being respected by the rest of Canada was a central theme of the referendum campaign. The narrow result—a 50.58% vote against sovereignty—reflected a deeply divided population, both within Quebec and across Canada. While the referendum did not result in independence, it underscored the lingering tensions that the failed constitutional reforms had exacerbated.

Question 37

Recent evenets straining straining franco-anglo relations

Answer 37

BILL 21 - respecting laicity of the state
- legislation as an intention of keeping the state secular
- religion nature of the state
- equality of the state

BILL 96 - language laws. act respecting french, passed to help slow down loss of french in quebec, but has been blamed of making life harder for english speaker

Tuition fee changes
- ongoing
- in the midst of how it will turn out