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BCS > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Libet’s experiment and wilful action

A

Wilful action usually involves an extended process of reflection, with feedback loops etc- This is not the case in this experiment

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2
Q

Can you predict behaviour better with fMRI and other neuroimaging methods than with psychological methods

A

NO
-Behaviour is hard to predict
-Many predictions are retrodictions
-AI developing algorithms to predict data- Threat to psychology

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3
Q

Prediction of behaviour (Bzdok & Ioannidis)

A

4 steps to predicting behaviour
1. Model building: Finding predictors for outcome- Choosing model that fits best- Significant correlation would mean somewhat accurate predictability
2. Internal validation: Test the model on data not used to build the model
3. External validation: Not done enough, Does the prediction work with external people
4. Generalisability and transposability- Exclusively WEIRD?

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4
Q

China using AI in primary schools

A

-3 electrodes sending real time data re brain waves to the teacher
-Details each students engagement levels at 10 minute intervals (Sent to parents)
-EEG v susceptible to artefacts

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5
Q

Bogus pipeline effect

A

-Common in forensic science
-Lie detection approach utilising a polygraph to measure variables in brain function/ skin conductance/ heart-rate/ breathing rate etc
-Usually doesnt detect lies but if someone is nervous
-People more likely to tell the truth

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6
Q

Cacioppo & Tassinary on Red

A

Paper about mind brain relationship
-Shows how in nearly all cases it is not a 1-1 relationship between psychological processes and physiological signs

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7
Q

fMRI experiment

A

Statistical models
-Univariate analysis: Compare experimental condition with data on a voxel-by-voxel (ROI) basis (Combining voxels to create ROIs improves signal: noise and multiple comparisons)
-Multivariate analysis: Correlating voxels with other voxels (Higher order correlation)- Not looking at one specific signal but looking at correlations/ relationships between signals

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8
Q

Searchlight strategy

A

-Take every voxel in the brain and compare them with each other
-Tried to predict when subjects were going to press left or right based on brain data prior to conscious awareness of the decision
-Based on data from 10s before decision (60% accurate)
-Brain areas associated with conscious control tasks were used

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9
Q

Neural correlates of sexual orientation

A

-Sexual content shown congruent or incongruent to their sexuality
-Subjective ratings of the images showed outliers and overlaps between groups
-Ventral striatum data matches pretty well to brain data

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10
Q

Interpretation of fMRI experiment

A

-Forward inference: During behavioural/ psychological task X engaging psychological process X, we found activation in brain area Y (Brain mapping)
-Reverse inference: During behavioural/ psychological test Z, we found activation in brain area Y, possibly engaging psychological process X (Dont know psychological process- Used for “mind reading”)- Dont know whether someone is lying or not, Need to infer from previous forward inferences

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11
Q

Conflict processing

A

-Associated with cingulate cortex and corpus callosum
-Idea that when people are lying, they are experiencing conflict which they have an intent of suppressing

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12
Q

Bayesian solution

A

Statistical equation showing probability of an inference

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13
Q

Delgado and brain chips

A

70s
Displayed in animals that he could control minds with the push of a button
Used electrodes on people who resisted previous treatments

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14
Q

Hess

A

Showed you can elicit behaviours by electrically stimulating different parts of the brain

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15
Q

Delgado and lobotomies

A

Thought lobotomies used by Moniz were too destructive and it was better to use electrical stimulation

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16
Q

Delgado and inducing emotions

A

Could induce emotions by stimulating different areas of the limbic system
-Triggering the septum could induce euphoria, counteracting depression and physical pain

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17
Q

Delgado taming a fighting bull

A

Caused a charging bull to stop a few feet before him by stimulating its caudate nucleus

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18
Q

Delgado and chimpanzees

A

-Programmed a stimoreceiver to detect spindles emitted by the amygdala
-When they were detected it produced an aversive reaction
-Within 6 days of this feedback the frequency of spindles dropped by 99%
-Calls this his most significant experiment
-Thought this could prevent disorders characterised by specific brain signals

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19
Q

Delgado and psychocivlized society

A

Claimed his technology was on the verge of creating a less cruel, happier and better man

20
Q

Critics of Delgado

A

-Accused of trying to create a society where everyone who deviates from the norm will be surgically mutilated
-Also suggested brain stimulation is much less precise and beneficial than suggested

21
Q

Delgado and non-invasive methods

A

Created a helmet that could deliver electromagnetic pulses to specific neural regions
-Success inducing drowsiness, alertness and treating tremors in Parkinsons patients

22
Q

Brain implants today

A

-Cochlea implants most common today
-Clinical trials underway to stimulate vagus nerve to treat depression, OCD etc.
-Chips that stimulate optic nerve tested in blind subjects
-Electrodes that help with memory are a year or 2 away from testing in rats

23
Q

(MI) Motor Imagery Data

A

Subject imagines the movement of a limb

24
Q

What do BCIs do

A

Allow computers to be controlled by monitoring brain signal activity
-Imagining movements of a limb may be able to be used to control a BCI

25
Q

Why are EEGs used for BCIs

A

High time resolution and cost effectiveness
-But prone to experience from external noise

26
Q

Things that can affect EEGs

A

Posture of subject
Mood of subject
Duration of task- Poor concentration leads to poor EEG quality data

27
Q

Evoked/exogenous EEG based BCI

A

-External stimulation required eg. visual stimuli
-These stimuli evoke responses that determine the will of the user

28
Q

2 types of evoked BCI

A
  1. Dependent on visually evoked potentials- Brain signals generated in response to a viral stimulus
  2. Event-related potentials- Brain signals generated in response to sensory or cognitive events
29
Q

Spontaneous/endogenous BCI

A

-No external stimulation
-Control actions are taken based on activity produced from mental activity

30
Q

MI data may help in

A

Stroke rehab

31
Q

Raw MI EEG data

A

Often averaged across numerous participants
-This hides higher or lower results

32
Q

Pre-processing in MI EEG data

A

Aims to reduce the noise in EEG signals
-In turn increases the accuracy and robustness of BCI systems

33
Q

Feature extraction in MI EEG based BCIs

A

Extracted features must show differentiation between task-specific brain states

34
Q

Feature selection in MI EEG based BCIs

A

Detecting the most important data features in line with objectives of the study
-Simplifies the data set from the multiple input channels

35
Q

Feature classification

A

Identifies the type of mental task carried out and activates the necessary control signals in the BCI system

36
Q

Hybrid BCI

A

Combo of a BCI with another kind of interface

37
Q

Application of BCIs

A

-Control: Manipulating an external device using brain signals
-Monitor: Identify the mental and emotional state of the user in order to control the environment they are in or the interface they are using

38
Q

Uses of BCIs

A

-Replacement and restoration of CNS
-Therapy, rehab and assessment
-Affective computing
-Gaming
-Industry and transport
-Art

39
Q

BCIs and replacement and restoration of CNS

A

-Paralysis, spinal cord injury, locked-in syndrome
-Difficult to develop due to altered brain functionality of these patients
-Could replace robotic prosthetics which rely on electrical signals in the muscles
-MI data can be difficult to generate in the brain

40
Q

BCIs for therapy, rehab and assessment

A

-Stroke rehab can be aided by using BCI-controlled robotic arms
-Additional refinement is needed for systems to pass clinical trials
-VR trials have been used as people can control an avatars movements via their brain

41
Q

BCIs and affective computing

A

-Users mood and psychological state are monitored to manipulate their environment to enhance or alter that state
-Possibility for monitoring to be used to push targeted marketing or political agendas- Ethical issue?

42
Q

BCIs and gaming

A

-Currently a poor replacement for traditional methods
-Can be used to control difficulty in games as it measures the ability of the player and can increase and decrease the difficulty of the game

43
Q

BCIs, industry and transport

A

-Could keep humans away from dangerous activities
-Could monitor when the user is too tired or unwell to carry out their job

44
Q

BCIs and art- 4 types for artistic applications

A
  1. Passive: No active input from user who selects a pre-programmed response
  2. Selective: User has some restricted control over the system but doesn’t have a leading role in the creative output
  3. Direct: Select options from detailed menus to gain high levels of control
  4. Collaborative: Systems controlled by many users at once
45
Q

Placement of BCI in ALS patient

A

Electrodes over motor cortex and transmitter on left side of thorax

46
Q

How locked-in individuals communicate

A

Eye tracking
-When this fails they use eye movements/blinks in response to closed-ended questions (This limits options for independent communication- Associated with quality of life)

47
Q

There is limitations of BCI for patients with

A

-Cortical damage
-Cognitive impairment
-Unsupportive caregiving

BCS (6 decks)

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