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Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

ACE- Adverse Childhood experiences

A

10 different types
-Neglect
-Emotional abuse
-Physical abuse
-Psychological abuse
People who have experienced 4 or more have higher risk of substance abuse/psychosis later in life
-But this can create a false link between the 2 (implied causation)

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2
Q

Psilocybin

A

Mushrooms- Above surface
Truffles- Below surface
Dosage is v important- Dried mushrooms (no water) are much lighter than fresh despite having same amount of psilocybin

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3
Q

Reason for truffles over mushrooms

A

Safer
Allows for safety regulation

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4
Q

How many neurons in the brain

A

Around 86 billion

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5
Q

Who was first to question whether there was 100 billion neurons in the brain

A

Suzana- Herculano- Houzel
She coloured neurons to estimate roughly 86 million

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6
Q

Do females have smaller brains?

A

Yes
But same amount of neurons (More full, more efficient use of brain)

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7
Q

What part of brain has more neurons?

A

Cerebellum
-Important for movement, balance and possibly cognitive functions
-Higher density of neurons
-More simple structure of neurons than cortex

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8
Q

Is fMRI so precise that you can investigate what assemblies of 10 to 20 neurons are doing?

A

False

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9
Q

ECoG

A

Improvement of EEG
Electrodes put on brain instead of skull
Better spatial and temporal resolution

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10
Q

How many brain areas

A

In reality- 72
Brodmann proposed- 43

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11
Q

Are fMRI and other neuroimaging methods better than other psychological methods at predicting behaviour

A

No

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12
Q

Suzana-Herculano-Houzel study

A

Questionnaires were distributed to understand beliefs of the brain amongst the general population

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13
Q

APT

A

Augmented psychotherapy

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14
Q

EEG

A

Measures electric currents on the skull
Subject to eye related effects- Blinking
Fluid in fMRI helps to increase signal to noise ratio

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15
Q

Advantage of fMRI

A

Can measure the whole brain volume
Can globalise the signal

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16
Q

Problem of fMRI

A

Not measuring cell activity directly
Slow

17
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Barrier that connects 2 hemispheres
Sometimes cut in severe epilepsy patients to prevents seizures from spreading through whole brain

18
Q

Cingulate cortex

A

In front of corpus callosum
Active in cognitive control

19
Q

3 goals of Herculiano-Houzel’s study

A

Quantitative comparison of different segments of the public to identify factors that might influence neuroscience literacy
Identify which themes the public are informed/misinformed about
Compare how neuroscientists and the public see the functioning of the brain and its relationship to the mind

20
Q

Effect of reading books on science knowledge

A

People who read no books/1 a month got a lower score than those who read 2/3
Reading more than 3 books didn’t increase scores

21
Q

Who first investigated consciousness empirically

A

Crick and Coch
Focused on visual awareness

22
Q

Start of consciousness research

A

-Late 19th century
-Animal studies to reveal brain organization and function
-Early psychologists were introspectionists and prized consciousness

23
Q

Consciousness and behaviorists

A

Behaviourists banned consciousness from the field

24
Q

David Ferrier and consciousness

A

Stimulations of parietal and temporal lobes caused animals to behave as if they were having sensory sensations but stimulation to the subcortex did not- Cerebral cortex may be sufficient for eliciting conscious experiences

25
Q

Hughlings Jackson and consciousness

A

Seizures in focal regions can alter conscious experience
-Consciousness is the highest level of cerebral organization
-Mind involved interactions between conscious and unconscious processes

26
Q

Gustav Fechner and consciousness

A

Introduced psychophysical methods for relating physical properties of stimuli with psychological experiences

27
Q

Von Helmholtz and consciousness

A

Said conscious perception involves unconscious inferences
-Foreshadowed idea that consciousness depends on nonconscious processing

28
Q

Early 20th century and consciousness

A

Consciousness was simply assumed to underlie behaviour

29
Q

Penfield and consciousness

A

Applied stimulation to patients brains to localize language areas
-Patients reported subjective experiences from these stimulations showing the role of cerebral cortex in conscious experiences

30
Q

New approach to brain and behaviour

A

Lashley
Emphasised how consciousness emerges from nonconscious info processing

31
Q

Yerkes and animal neuropsychology

A

Studied effects of lesions within all major lobes of the cerebral cortex and subcortical areas

32
Q

Animal neuropsychology in the 1970s

A

People believed that consciousness comes from short term memory or executive planning system- Working memory and prefrontal cortex have also been added

33
Q

Mishkin and animal neuropsychology

A

Distinguished between ventral and dorsal streams of processing- Crucial for contemporary consciousness processing

34
Q

Human neuropsychological research and consciousness

A

Patients with neuropsychological issues have dissociations between what they can behaviourally do and what they can consciously report

35
Q

Amnesia and consciousness

A

-First half of 20th century: Memory is widely distributed in the brain- This shifted in the 50s
-Milner: Tested temporal lobe patients and cognitive functions- Plays a large role in visual learning- Later research suggests damage only affects declarative memory (memory that can be consciously experienced)
-Prefrontal cortex plays a role in the retrieval of memories and the conscious experience of these retrieved memories
-Explicit memories are used to construct conscious simulations of the future

36
Q

Split brain syndrome and consciousness

A

-Remarkable recovery after procedure
-Each hemisphere has separate behavioural capacities and 2 separate mental systems
-Isolated right hemisphere may have a separate conscious awareness of self and a vision of the future

37
Q

Blindsight and consciousness

A

-Damage to primary visual cortex produces a blindness in the visual field opposite the lesion-People can guess the identity of an object in their ‘blindside’ better than chance but this choice is unconscious
-People can unconsciously detect emotional expressions of faces presented in the blind field
-Signals to the prefrontal cortex may be necessary for awareness (rather than visual cortex)

38
Q

Korper-LeibDistinction

A

Korper- Body as an object which physical attributes can be attributed to (objective)
Leib- Body as a subject, zero point for perception and action (lived body)- Phenomenological (subjective)
Korper is in line with the instrumental worldview that the body can be manipulated

39
Q

KorperLeib and how the body appears to consciousness

A

Leib- Sensations that are localised in the organ of perception (touch sensations appearing in the touch organ)
Korper- Nonlocalized sensations (visual sensations)

BCS (6 decks)

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