Week 4 Flashcards
1
Q
How does colostrum management differ between species
A
cattle & sheep - shortly after birth
foals - within 6 hours
piglets - within 12-24 hours
2
Q
what is meconium
A
neonates first faeces
3
Q
How could you rectify breathing in neonate animal
A
Cattle, sheep – clear airways of mucous using bulb syringe
Pigs – clear airways using suction device
Foals – remove any obstructions
4
Q
What are common issues a vet would identify in neonates
A
5
Q
When would a vet be needed in a foaling
A
help inexperienced owner
assist in event of dystocia
examine neonatal foal in distress
routine post-foaling check
6
Q
What temperature should a neonatal foal have
A
37-39C
7
Q
What are common physical abnormalities found in initial exam of foal
A
Cleft plate (milk running down nostrils)
overbite
limb deformities
8
Q
Write a checklist for indoor farrowing
A
Clean, warm farrowing area with adequate bedding
Have farrowing kit ready (towels, gloves, disinfectant, bulb syringe)
Isolate sow in farrowing crate
Clear mucous from piglets nose and mouth
Ensure piglets get colostrum soon after birth
Look for signs of illness
Check and care for umbilical cord
Ensure piglets stay warm
9
Q
What would you expect a normal neonate piglet to look like and how should it behave
A
palpable ribs but not prominent
smooth skin
eyes & nose free of discharge
dry umbilical cord
clean ears & tail
well-formed feet & legs
active & alert
seek sow teat & suckling reflex
huddle together for warmth
10
Q
What would you expect a normal neonate puppy/kitten to look like and how should it behave
A
Eyes & nose free of discharge
smooth coat
moist nose
curious
suckling reflex
11
Q
What should be checked in neonatal kittens/puppies
A
Weight check – ensure proper growth & development
Ensure proper latching & milk intake – lack leads to weakened immunity & inadequate nutrition
Umbilical cord inspection – prevent infection
Body temperature check
Observe urination & defecation – prevent constipation & urinary tract issues
General health inspection
Environmental comfort check
12
Q
What puppy/kitten neonatal abnormalities should alert an owner
A
Difficulty nursing
weight loss
respiratory distress
Lethargy
eye/ear discharge
temperature abnormalities
13
Q
What are signs of meconium impaction in foal? how would you check? how would you treat it?
A
signs:
- rolling
- squatting
- turning head towards flank
- reluctant to nurse
diagnostic checks:
- rectal exam using 1 finger
- auscultation of gut sounds
- abdominal palpation
- ultrasound
treatment:
- enema
- pain relief
- wait & watch
14
Q
What can you see here? and what can cause it?
A
swelling
discharge
hernia
naval should have dried up
known as omphalophlemitis (navel ill)
caused by:
- dirty calving yard - environmental bacteria enter body via open umbilical cord
- poor colostrum management - inadequate immune response to invading bacteria
15
Q
What are the increased risks of puppies born via C-section rather than natural birth
A
natural birth helps squeeze fluid from airways
more risk of umbilical cord issues
more risk of bitch rolling onto puppies (more observation required)
many need to manually latch puppies on/re-scent puppies to promote bonding
16
Q
describe mammary gland development
A
glands that originate from epidermis
- arise along 2 lateral lines (mammary ridges) on ventral surface of developing fetus
- mammary ridges extend from axillary region to inguinal region
- mammary ridges give rise to primary mammary bud
- primary buds push into dermis to grow
- growth branches into secondary mammary bud
- secondary buds branch out & canalise to form lactiferous ducts
17
Q
Label the mammary gland
A
18
Q
Describe the microanatomy of mammary glands
A
19
Q
label the mammary gland
A
20
Q
Describe the macroanatomy of the mammary gland
A
21
Q
Label the mammary gland
A
22
Q
Fill in the mammary gland table
A
23
Q
What are marsupials vs monotremes
A
24
Q
What are supernumery teats (polythelia)
A
25
describe the ruminant mammary suspensory system
udder is supported by strong suspensory ligament divided into 2 parts
26
describe mammary gland growth
birth to puberty:
- isometric growth (like other tissues, everything grows at same rate
after puberty:
- allometric growth (different rate)
- complete & rapid growth of ducts occurs in presence of prolactin & growth hormone
- during oestrous cycles ducts begin to branch under effect of oestrogen
- alveoli are formed under influence of progesterone (pregnancy)
pregnancy:
- terminal alveoli grow into lobules due to progesterone dominance
- prolactin, adrenal cortical hormones & placental lactogen allow synthesis of milk
- milk yield keeps increasing after parturition because demand increases as neonate gets bigger
27
What is the cycle of mammary function
28
Describe vascularisation of mammary glands
29
Describe venous drainage of the bovine mammary gland
30
Describe lymphatic drainage of the bovine mammary gland
31
Describe innervation of bovine mammary gland
32
compare colostrum to normal milk
contains more proteins, fat, minerals & vitamins than regular milk
lower lactose concentration
proteins transfer IgG, IgM & IgA from blood to milk
supplies newborn with immunoprotection
- very important in equidae, bovidae & suidae
33
what proteins does milk contain
34
What cells does milk contain and how many
35
Describe synthesis of milk
epithelial cells synthesise majority of milk components
mitochondria synthesise fatty acids & non-essential amino acids
RER synthesises secretory proteins
SER synthesises phospholipids & triglycerides
36
Describe metabolism during lactation
37
Describe the hormones involved in lactogenesis
cortisol needed for growth & differentiation of golgi apparatus (where lactose is synthesised)
38
Describe the control of lactogenesis by a-lactalbumin
39
How is milk secretion maintained
40
What reduced milk secretion
41
Describe prolactin in maintaining galactopoiesis
42
What is the milk ejection reflex
43
What causes myoepithelial cells in mammary gland to contract
44
What are the effects of oxytocin on milk let down
45
Describe mammary gland involution
46
What is the effect of lactation on reproduction
47
What is delayed implantation and how does lactation effect it
48
What conditions affect lactation
49
Describe the role of pheromones in rabbit lactation
50
Describe the role of pheromones in mice lactation
51
Label the non-lactating mammary gland
52
Label the non-lactating mammary gland and state the function of both cell types
53
Label the lactating mammary gland
54
What separates the gland cistern from the teat cistern
annular fold
55
Where is milk stored when neonate is not sucking on teat
lobules/alveoli
56
Label the lactating gland
57
Label the lactiferous duct in mammary gland
58
What role do squamous epithelial cells fulfil in teat
protective barrier of teat canal
stop pathogens from entering udder
59
What happens to teat orifice if milking machine vacuum is too high
physical trauma
hyperkeratosis
increased risk of bacterial invasion
60
label the papillary duct (teat)
61
Define mastitis
62
What are the changes in milk during mastitis
63
What are the clinical signs of mastitis
inflammation of gland
- swollen, hot, hard, painful, possible necrosis of quarter
reduced yield
pyrexia
anorexia
recumbency
tachycardia
tachypnoea
collapse
death
64
What are the grades of mastitis
65
Describe clinical vs subclinical mastitis
66
Describe acute vs chronic mastitis
67
What are the causes of mastitis
bacteria (main cause)
viruses
fungi
physical (e.g. trauma)
toxins
neoplasia
68
Describe contagious mastitis
infection spread from cow to cow (mainly during milking)
infected cows are primary reservoir of infection
bacteria:
- staphylococcus aureus
- streptococcus agalactiae
- streptococcus dysgalactiae
tends to be mild-moderate in severity
quarters often remain chronically infected for long time
associated with high somatic cell counts
infected quarters can shed large numbers of bacteria into milk
69
describe environmental mastitis
bacteria:
- Escherichia coli
- Streptococcus uberis
- Streptococcus dysgalactiae
infection acquired through contact with pathogens in environment
environment is primary reservoir of infection
most cases mild-moderate but can be severe
less likely to establish chronic sub-clinical disease
70
What is the 5 point plan for controlling mastitis
71
Describe the importance of post milking teat disinfection in controlling mastitis
72
Describe the importance of treating clinical cases in controlling mastitis
73
Describe the importance of dry cow therapy in controlling mastitis
74
Describe the importance of culling chronically infected cows in controlling mastitis
75
Describe the importance of milking machine maintenance in controlling mastitis
76
What is the purpose of teat preparation at milking to prevent mastitis
77
What is bulk milk somatic cell count
78
What is individual cow somatic cell count
79
What is the california mastitis test
80
Describe the nutrition effects on puberty
high planes of nutrition give increased growth rates & generally earlier puberty
81
How does nutrition effect reproduction
major effects through hormones
82
How can nutrition cause pregnancy loss in cow
83
Why are sheep often restricted in nutrition through early to mid gestation
84
How does a negative energy balance effect reproduction
delayed return to cyclicity
ketosis
impaired follicle development & luteal function
85
Why are ewes moved to a fresh pasture or given supplementary feed 2 weeks prior to tupping
ideally gets BCS from 2-2.5 to 3
rising plane of nutrition increases fecundity (lambs/ewe)
increases leptin, decreases insulin & GH
increases FSH which increases folliculogenesis
86
What are the effects of selenium deficiency on reproduction (female)
87
What are the effects of copper deficiency on reproduction (female)
88
What are the reproductive effects of zinc deficiency in males & females
89
What are the reproductive effects of iodine deficiency
90
Why might a vet want to perform a reproductive exam
91
Why do you see less reproduction work in small animal clinics compared to production animals
less chance of dystocia due to smaller offspring
92
How long is gestation in dog
63-65 days
93
When should a dairy cow return to cyclicity after calving
30-40 days
94
What is the classic target interval between calving and serving again in dairy cows
80 days to calve again at same time the next year
95
How can you bring a dairy cow into oestrous
ovysynch GnRH followed by PGF2a & then GnRH
96
What is typical number of piglets per farrowing
8-16
97
how many farrowings do sows have each year
2
98
What methods can be used to advance breeding season in sheep
99
What are the recommended ram:ewe ratios during breeding season for lowland & synchronised flocks
100
What is meant by the term flushing
putting ewes on high grade pasture or concentrate 2 weeks before tupping
101
What is the difference between fertility & fecundity
fertility: actual number of offspring produced by individual or population
fecundity: possible number of offspring that can be produced over a lifetime
102
What is the purpose of pregnancy scanning ewes
determine how many lambs are present so you can feed up or down depending on how many offspring (prevents huge singles getting stuck)
103
Define locus
position of gene on a chromosome
104
Define gene
discreet unit of DNA which codes for a protein
105
Define genotype
alleles contained in an organisms cells
106
Define phenotype
characteristics of an organism determined by its genotype & environment
107
Define F1 & F2 in genetics
108
What is the law of segregation
109
What is the law of independent assortment
110
111
What is the F2 genotype ratio
112
In what situations can inheritance of characters by a single gene deviate from simple Mendelian patterns
113
What is epistasis
114
What are linked genes
115
What is the ultimate result of inbreeding
116
Is inbreeding a logical breeding strategy
but downside is also more unfavourable alleles
117
What is the inbreeding coefficient
118
How can inbreeding be reduced
119
What are some inherited disorders in dogs
120
Define heterosis
121
What is inbreeding depression
reduced biological fitness (unfavourable alleles) due to inbreeding
122
What is IVF and what are its uses
123
What are the steps of IVF
124
What is ICSI (intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection)
a procedure involving injecting a sperm inside an oocyte thus bypassing normal fertilisation
only used for research in animals
125
Label the structures
126
label D
deep inguinal ring
127
Label the structures
128
Which species is this from and label the structures
small ruminant (sheep)
A. corpus luteum
B. oviduct
C. uterine a.
D. caruncles
129
What will structure A become
A is corpus luteum
corpus albicans
130
What happens inside structure B
B is oviduct
fertilisation
131
What is special about the venous return of the uterus in sheep
the veins form a plexus around the coiled ovarian artery
132
What type of placenta attaches at D? Which species have similar types but how is the shape of the individual units different?
D is caruncles
133
Label
134
How is A different in cats
A is suspensory ligament
long and elastic in cats compared to short and inelastic in bitches
135
Which ligament supports the right uterine horn
round ligament
136
Which vessel does the left ovarian vein connect to
left renal vein
137
The ligament which supports the mesovarian/ovary continues as which other ligament
proper ligament of ovary continues as round ligament
138
In which condition does the ureter open into the vagina
ectopic ureter(s)
139
Label and name the species
Cow
A: caruncle
B: cotyledon
140
Name membranes A and B
A: amnion
B: chorioallantois
141
dog
142
A: medial suspensory ligament
B: lateral suspensory ligament
143
Outline the key points of the rabbit oestrous cycle, oestrous behaviour, type of ovulation, nesting behaviour and parturition
induced ovulators (no definitive oestrous cycle)
variable receptive period (up to 14 days) followed by 2-4 days on non-receptivity
receptive doe is active, rubs her chin on objects, exhibits lordosis, vulval swelling & mounting
nesting behaviour involves burrowing & pulling fur from dewlap, flanks & belly
Parturition usually early morning & rapid
144
How do you sex rabbits
males have greater anogenital distance and round opening
females have V shaped opening
145
when is puberty in rabbits
4-8 months
146
What distinctive mating behaviour do camelids exhibit
spitting on male post ovulation
147
what type of ovulators are camelids
induced
148
in what horn are most camelid pregnancies
98% left horn
149
What is the alpaca gestation length
342 days
150
At what age do laying hens begin to lat and how many weeks are they kept in lay commercially
start at 16 weeks
kept until 72 weeks
151
what are the consequences of bringing pullets into lay too early
smaller eggs because she is smaller
152
How does increasing day length influence egg production
increases egg production rate
153
what happens to shell quality over time
increases if birds retain egg in shell gland for longer
154
describe how management of lighting can maximise egg size
increased light periods mean birds are more likely to consume more so greater egg size
155
what mineral is the major nutrient in layer-feed after protein
calcium
156
What are examples of things that can be measured in selective breeding assessment
157
What is heritability (h2)
158
Why has there been a large increase in genetic potential of dairy cows
159
What is predicted transmitting ability (PTA)
allows you to compare sires within a single breed
160
what type of traits can you select for in cow selective breeding
production traits
health, welfare and fitness traits
management traits
type traits (physique)
161
describe production trait selection in selective breeding of dairy cows
production potential
milk yield, fat %, protein %
indication of how much more milk a daughter from that bull will give in lactation compared to average for the breed
takes advantage of milk contract premiums
162
describe type trait selection (physique) in selective breeding of dairy cows
163
describe management, health, welfare and fitness trait selection in selective breeding of dairy cows
164
What is reliability in selective breeding of dairy cows
measure of accuracy of predicted transmitting abilities (PTA)
bulls on scale of 30-100%
higher reliability indicates more accurate prediction
- increases as number of daughters increases
- younger bulls have lower reliability
always use mix of proven sires (never use low reliability for great percentage of herd)
165
What is profitable life index (£PLI) in selective breeding of dairy cows
PLI of £145 means that daughters of that bull will be expected to be £145 more profitable over a lifetime compared to average for that breed
166
What is fertility index (FI) in selective breeding of dairy cows
167
What are breeding priorities in selective breeding of dairy cows
168
fertility is less heritable than production
169
efficiency
profit
animal appropriate for task
170
What is genetic index
a measure of an animals ability to transmit its genes on to the next generation
171
172
Given the benchmarking report & the milk contract requirements, which traits align with this herd's breeding goals?
Also select 4 traits of importance
173
What is selecting against a gene
174
What is selection co-efficient
measure of strength of selection imposed
175
define heritability
extent to which phenotype of parents is seen in offspring
176
Describe the mode of inheritance of hip dysplasia
complex (polygenic) inheritance
both genetic and environmental factors
177
list 4 non-genetic factors that contribute to development of hip dysplasia
nutrition
hormones
exercise
obesity
178
Define osmosis
net movement of water through semi-permeable membrane from region of higher water potential (concentration) to region of lower water potential
179
Define water potential
tendency of water molecules to move out of a solution
in pure water, water potential is 0
180
define solute potential
component of water potential due to solute molecules
always has negative value
also termed osmotic potential
181
define pressure potential
component of water potential due to hydrostatic pressure
usually a positive value
182
define hydrostatic pressure
pressure exerted by a fluid in a closed system
183
label
184
label
185
Label
186
define excretion
removal of waste products of metabolism from the body
187
What are the functions of the kidney
excrete waste products from metabolism
osmoregulation
hormone secretion (erythropoietin & calcitriol)
acid/base homeostasis
blood pressure regulation via water control
reabsorption of vital nutrients
188
What are the 2 main processes that occur in the production of urine in the kidney
189
What is ultrafiltration
190
What drives glomerulus filtration
hydrostatic pressure of blood in glomerulus
191
What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
192
Where does most reabsorption in the kidney occur and what features does it have
193
How are sodium and water reabsorbed in the kidney
sodium is reabsorbed by active transport & moves out of lumen
water than follows sodium by osmosis
194
Describe the loop of Henle
important for water conservation
desert animals have long loops of Henle
function is to increase concentration of ions in tissue fluid of medulla
has a counter-current system
- hairpin structure ensures filtrate flows in opposite directions
- allows descending & ascending limb to have different functions
195
Describe the counter-current system of the Loop of Henle
196
Describe the kidney collecting duct
197
In an induced ovulator what hormonal changes would you expect to find in a pre- and post-mated female
pre-mated:
- more FSH in run up to ovulation
post-mated:
- LH surge
- Less FSH
- low oestrogen
- High P4
198
GnRH implant which suppresses ovarian activity
or mate with vasectomised male with subsequent pseudopregnancy
199
bone marrow suppression
anaemia
panleukopenia
thrombocytopenia
200
blood transfusion
GnRH implant
Jill jab (progesterone based treatment which delays breeding season)
