Week 3 Flashcards
1
Q
How long is rabbit gestation
A
30-33 days
2
Q
What age do testes descend in rabbit
A
10 weeks
3
Q
How to sex rabbits
A
4
Q
When is rabbit breeding season
A
jan-sept but fertile all year round
5
Q
When do rabbits reach sexual maturity
A
male: 4-12 months
female: 5-9 months
6
Q
When do female rabbits reach puberty
A
puberty = first ovulation
before sexual maturity
3-6 months
can get pregnant before reaching sexual maturity
7
Q
What are the issues with early and late rabbit mating
A
8
Q
Describe rabbbit oestrous cycle
A
receptive for up to 14 days
2-4 days non-receptive to buck
induced ovulators
- 10-13 hours after mating
9
Q
What are the signs of pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in rabbit
A
10
Q
From when can you detect pregnancy in rabbits
A
11
Q
What are the benefits of neutering female rabbits
A
12
Q
What are the benefits of neutering male rabbits
A
13
Q
When should male rabbits be neutered
A
14
Q
When should female rabbits be neutered
A
15
Q
Describe rabbit male reproductive anatomy
A
16
Q
Describe rabbit female reproductive anatomy
A
17
Q
Describe reptile male reproductive anatomy
A
18
Q
Describe reptile hemipenes
A
19
Q
Label the snake
A
20
Q
What happens to distal convoluted tubules kidney in some squamates during breeding season
A
cells go from cubodial to columnar
Large eosinophilic granules secreted into lumen
21
Q
Describe reptile female reproductive anatomy
A
22
Q
Label the chelonian female anatomy
A
23
Q
Label the female lizard anatomy
A
24
Q
Label the female snake anatomy
A
25
What are the stages of reptile female reproduction
26
Describe reptile asexual reproduction
27
Describe fertilisation in reptiles
28
Describe oviparous and viviparous reptiles
29
describe reptile reproductive endocrinology
30
List examples of breeding stimuli in reptiles
31
What is follicular stasis
32
What are the snake sex chromosomes
33
Describe temperature dependent sex determination
34
Give examples of temperature dependent sex determination
35
How can plastron be used to sex chelonians
shape also affected by husbandry so tail length more reliable
36
How can you sex squamates
37
What are some other methods of sex determination in reptiles (not sex probs or shape)
38
Describe male fish reproductive anatomy
39
Describe female fish reproductive anatomy
40
Describe the stages of fish female reproduction
41
Describe fish reproductive endocrinology
42
Describe sex determination in fish
Genetic dependent
or
temperature dependent
43
What are some environmental effects on fish reproduction
44
Label the fetal membranes
45
What are the 3 stages of implantation
46
What is the function of MUC1 in implantation
MUC1 = mucin that inhibits attachment of foetus to uterine wall
Uterus prevents implantation except during placentation window
47
Describe invasive vs non-invasive implantation
Non-invasive:
- elongation
- apposition
- attachment
- cows and sheep
Invasive:
- apposition
- attachment
- invasion
- primates
48
What are foetal extraembryonic membranes
chorionic
yolk sac
allantoic
49
What is hemotrophic vs histotrophic nutrition
50
What are the possible layers between foetal and maternal blood circulation
51
Describe epitheliochorial placenta
6 layers
mare, sow
52
Describe endotheliochorial placenta
4 layers
bitch, cat
3 foetal layers, 2 maternal layers lost due to trophoblast invading uterus so only endothelium present
53
Describe haemochorial placenta
3 layers
rabbits, humans
3 foetal layers, 0 maternal layers because trophoblast has invaded so far into uterus it goes into blood vessels
- leads to pooling of blood against foetal membrane
54
Describe distribution of chorionic villi across species
55
Describe placentation in sow
56
Label
57
Label the porcine maternal foetal interface
58
Describe placentation in ewe and cow
59
What is the difference in the placentomes between cows and sheep?
60
What is a placentome
cotyledons aligned with caruncles
61
Label
62
Describe placentation in the horse
63
What is the chorionic girdle in horses
64
What are endometrial cups
65
Describe placentation in the dog
66
Describe the appearance of zonary placenta
67
What is decidualisation
68
Label the haemochorial placenta
69
Label the umbilical vasculature
70
Label the canine maternal-fetal interface
71
What species do these belong to
1. sow & mare
2. primates
3. dog & cat
4. sheep & cow
72
What are the functions of the placenta
73
describe placental and fetal growth
74
What factors influence passive diffusion across the placenta
75
Which type of placenta has the most efficient nutrient exchange
76
Describe active transport of nutrients across the placenta
amino acids and glucose
specific carrier molecules required
requires energy because net transfer is maternal to fetal direction
77
Why does the placenta produce hormones
78
Why are progesterons essential for pregnancy
79
In what species does the placenta take over progesterone production during pregnancy
human
cow
mare
ewe
80
Fill in the table with placental progesterone takeover
81
describe oestrogen in pregnancy
82
Describe prolactin in pregnancy
83
Describe relaxin in pregnancy
84
Describe placental lactogen in pregnancy
85
Fill in the pregnant mare hormone profile with hormone and its source
86
What are endometrial cups in the mare and what is their function
87
What is the function of ECG in mares
eCG = equine chorionic gonadotrophin
Produced from endometrial cups
Has FSH and LH-like activity:
- increases progesterone from primary CL
- induces formation of accessory CL
88
What is the main progesteron in the mare
5-alpha-pregnane
89
How are equine oestrogens produced
90
Describe the endocrinology of the pregnant bitch
91
label the hormone profile of the pregnant bitch
92
Describe progesterone in the pregnant queen
93
Why can PGF2a not be used to terminate pregnancy in mares after 35 days?
endometrial cups can produce sufficient progesterone without the CLs
94
Describe pregnancy failure in the mare that doesnt result in pseudopregnancy
If pregnancy failure in days 1-5 - embryo lost whilst in uterine tube so returns to normal oestrus
If pregnancy failure in days 5-15 - no maternal recognition of pregnancy so returns to normal oestrus cycle (unless associated with uterine inflammation)
95
Describe mare type 1 pseudopregnancy
96
Describe mare type 2 pseudopregnancy
97
What are the approaches to detecting pregnancy
98
Why can using progesterone to diagnose pregnancy lead to false positives or negatives
99
Why is the use of IFNT (pregnancy recognition factor) limited in its usefulness for detecting pregnancy
vast majority of IFNT stays in uterine lumen and never escapes into blood so blood test useless and you dont want to disturb the embryo
100
Can oestrogen be used to diagnose pregnancy
yes but only mid-pregnancy (no early diagnosis)
No false positives
101
What pregnancy specific hormones can be used to detect pregnancy
102
How can rectal palpation be used to diagnose pregnancy
1. pregnancy specific enlargement of uterus
- enlargement in 1 horn unless twins
2. fetal membranes
- e.g. membrane slip in cow (use with care and caution)
3. ballottement of fetus
103
How can abdominal palpation be used in pregnancy diagnosis
104
Which ultrasound methods can be used to detect pregnancy
105
What would you see in an early pregnancy ultrasound
careful examination required to ensure diagnosis of twins so appropriate action can be taken
106
At what stage of pregnancy can you detect an embryo and heartbeat on ultrasound
107
At what stage of pregnancy can you detect fetal structures on ultrasound
108
What is the use of radiographic examination for pregnancy diagnosis
109
What are the physical changes associated with pregnancy
- increased appetite
- weight gain
- abdominal enlargement
- relaxation of perineal tissue
- auscultation of fetal heart beats
- uterine artery enlargement and change in blood flow
110
What are the external secondary changes associated with pregnancy
111
What are the internal secondary changes associated with pregnancy
112
What are methods of pregnancy diagnosis and when used in cows
only blue
113
What are methods of pregnancy diagnosis and when used in ewes
only blue
114
What are methods of pregnancy diagnosis and when used in sows
bold and blue
115
What are methods of pregnancy diagnosis and when used in mares
116
What are methods of pregnancy diagnosis and when used in bitch
117
What are methods of pregnancy diagnosis and when used in queen
118
How can placentas be classified
119
Complete the placental classification table
120
label the sow placenta
121
Label the camelid placenta
122
Where does the term synepitheliochorial come from
binucleate cells form on fetal side & then migrate and fuse with maternal epithelium (forms mini syncytium)
123
124
Label the endotheliochorial placenta
125
Label the endotheliochorial placenta
126
What is meant by the haemophagous zone of a endotheliochorial placenta
pooled maternal blood, involved in iron transport
127
Label the canine maternal-fetal interface
128
Label the haemochorial placenta
129
Identify the avian follicle stages and cell layers
130
When can pregnancy failure occur
131
When does most pregnancy loss occur
very early gestation
132
Why does pseudopregnancy follow pregnancy loss in mare, goat, sow and queen
133
Describe pregnancy loss and pseudopregnancy in goat
134
What chromosome abnormalities can lead to embryo loss
135
What are some causes of embryonic and foetal loss
136
What are some routes of infection of the pregnant uterus
137
Describe manifestation of early embryonic death
tissues usually resorbed & animal returns to oestrous
138
Describe manifestation of embryonicdeath following infection
139
Describe manifestation of expulsion of abortus tissue
140
Describe manifestation of foetal mummification following pregnancy loss
141
When are fetuses aborted in a state of autolysis
142
What are some common infectious agents of abortion in mare
Streptococcus zooepidemicus
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1)
143
What are the effects of twinning and multiple fetuses in mares, cows, sheep and pigs
144
Describe equine twinning
145
Describe pregnancy loss in equine twin pregnancies
146
Define intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR)
impaired growth and development of mammalian embryo/fetus or its organs during pregnancy
147
What are some causes of intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR)
148
Describe nutrition induced placental growth restriction in adolescent sheep
Moderate nutritional intake found to be ideal because nutrients were divided equally among mother and lamb
Higher intake means smaller placenta and thus smaller lamb
149
Describe Schmallenberg virus leading to abortion
late abortion or birth defects in newborn sheep, cattle and goats
Has greatest affect mid gestation when CNS is developing
- impact on limbs is secondary affect
Usually asymptomatic in adults
150
Describe Chlamydial abortion in ewes
Main cause of ovine abortion in UK
Abortion in last 3 weeks of pregnancy
Placental damage from day 90 --> colonised by bacteria --> inflammation --> progesterone levels drop
Placenta looks thickened between cotyledons and brownish exudate over surface
151
Describe toxoplasma abortion in ewes
causes dark red placental cotyledons with white speckles of necrosis
152
What is the effect of Campylobacter species on ovine abortion
abortion in last 6 weeks or birth of live weak lambs
spreads rapidly due to organisms in aborted material
No lesions present in placenta
153
What are the main infectious causes of abortion in goats
154
Describe the effects of bovine BVD infection in early, mid and late gestation
155
What are the main non-infectious causes of pregnancy loss in cow
156
What are the risk factors of pregnancy loss in sow
157
What intrapartum factors affect pregnancy loss in sow
158
What postpartum factors affect pregnancy loss in sow
159
What is the main cause of abortion in sheep
infectious agents
160
What causes abortion in bitch and queen
161
What steps would be taken following an abortion storm on a sheep farm
162
What are the common infectious agents that cause abortion in sheep
Chlamdyia abortus
toxoplasma
Campylobacter
Salmonella
Listeria
163
What are stem cells
164
Define totipotent, pluripotent and multipotent
165
What type of stem cells are there
166
What are some uses of stem cells
167
What is reprogramming in stem cell technology
Process of reversal of differentiation of somatic cells in autologous pluripotent cells so can use patients own cells
- otherwise face problem of immune rejection because donor & recipient must match
168
What are induced pluripotent stem cells and what is the advantage of using them
169
What is somatic nuclear transfer
170
What are the aims of therapeutic and reproductive cloning
171
What is the difference between a twin and a clone
172
What is the process of reproductive cloning
173
What is transgenesis
174
What is a transgene
175
What are some applications of transgenics
Biopharmaceuticals - production of pharmaceutical products in fluids of transgenic animals
Xeno-transplantation - using animal organs in transplantation
Nutraceuticals - altering composition of animal traits to increase nutritional value and tolerance
176
Define superovulation
stimulation of more dominant follicles to form than would occur naturally
Not possible in horse but common procedure in cow
177
Define ovum pick-up (OPU)
collection of oocytes from multiple follicles in vivo
178
Define in vitro fertilisation (IVF)
fertilisation of oocyte with sperm in a petri dish to create embryo
179
Define embryo transfer (ET)
transfer of an embryo, derived from mating of valuable parents, into fertile but less valuable recipient (host) female who carries pregnancy to term & offspring to weaning
180
What are the advantages and disadvantages of embryo transfer
181
Describe process of embryo transfer
182
How is superovulation stimulated in cows
1. day 9-14 of oestrus cycle repeated gonadotrophin treatment
- ECG or purified FSH
- coincides with 2nd follicular wave
- repeated to help follicles become dominant
2. 48-72h later, administer PGF2a to lyse CL
3. 40-56h later, cow is in oestrus
183
How are embryos for embryo transfer collected from uterus
trans-cervical flush of uterus via catheter on days 6,7 or 8
184
Describe embryo searching for embryo transfer
185
Describe how embryo is transferred from donor to recipient in embryo transfer
186
Describe the process of ovum-pick up and in vitro production of embryo
1. ovarian stimulation - low dose FSH => medium follicles
2. oocyte collection (in vivo) - transvaginal aspiration of medium follicles via specialised ultrasound probe - needle inserted into follicle, fluid collected under vacuum
3. in vitro production of embryo - oocytes matured and fertilised in lab => ET
187
What are the stages of parturition
188
What fetal hormone matures fetus (signal for birth)
189
Draw a hormonal profile of parturition and describe what happens
190
What does fetal cortisol do
191
Label the cascade of actions due to fetal stress leading to birth
192
Describe the neuro-hormonal reflex causing oxytocin release
1. Increased pressure on cervix activates pressure sensitive neurons
2. Relay afferent info to hypothalamus
3. Neural input to posterior pituitary => oxytocin release
193
Describe the mechanism of myometrial contractions (during parturition)
- myometrial contractions are initiated by bursts of propagating action potentials
- Ca2+ is critical second messenger
- myosin light chain kinase is key regulatory enzyme
1. influx of Ca2+ into muscle
2. Ca2+ binds to calmodulin
3. activates MLCK which phosphorylates myosin light chains
4. enables actin-myosin crossbridge to form
194
What is the role of gap junctions in coordination of contractility
195
How is myometrial contraction regulated
Oxytocin - increases force, duration and frequency of contractions
Prostaglandins:
- PGF2a => contraction
- PGI2 => relaxation
- PGE2 => cervical softening
Neural input:
- autonomic NS via pelvic plexus innervates endo/myometrium through adrenergic receptors:
- a1 => contraction
- b2 =< relaxation
196
What are the approaches to terminating pregnancy
- induce luteolysis
- remove progesterone support for pregnancy
- induce premature parturition
197
Why might you want to induce parturition
198
How can you induce parturition
Glucocorticoids - mimic fetal HPA
Prostaglandins - induce luteolysis and contractions
Oxytocin - cause contractions
199
What are the risks of inducing parturition
200
Why might you want to accelerate parturition
201
How can oxytocin be used to accelerate parturition and what are the risks
202
How can PGF2a be used to induce parturition and what are the risks
203
Why might glucocorticoids be used to induce parturition
204
Why might you want to reduce or prevent contractions and what can you use for it
205
How do you work our dilution factor
stock concentration/ desired concentration
206
What is the equation for volume of stock
207
208
209
210
211
212
How long is goat pregnancy? when are they likely to kid? why might there be a delay in parturition
150 days
more likely to kid during the day in quiet environment
delay due to stress, nutritional issues, twins
213
What hormonal changes occur in late pregnancy & prior to parturition in doe (goat)?
increased prolactin, oxytocin, relaxin and cortisol
214
Where does uterine fluid come from
endometrial glands in endometrium (uterus lining)
215
What is luteo-placental shift
change in primary source of progesterone production for corpus luteum to placenta
216
What are the main reasons for carrying out a C section
*Feto-maternal disproportion
*Malpresentation
*Inadequate cervical dilation
*Uterine Torsion
*Fetal monster/infectious disease
*Uterine interia (primary/secondary)
*Obstruction of pelvic canal
217
What are the complications of C-sections that can impact future fertility
Metritis
Retained foetal membranes
Endometritis
218
What are C-section complications due to the abdominal surgery?
Peritonitis
Wound breakdown
Abcessation
219
Describe the preparation stage of parturition
220
Describe the first stage of parturition - onset of uterine contractions
Fetus produces cortisol:
1. cortisol enzymes convert progesterone to oestradiol
2. progesterone decline removes myometrial contraction block
3. increased basal uterine contractions
4. elevated oestrogen increases reproductive tract secretions -> lubrication
Cortisol => increased uterine prostaglandin:
1. Lysis of CL
2. uterine contraction due to increased PGF2a and oestrogen
3. relaxin production causes degradation and remodelling of cervical matrix and cervical os opens
221
Describe foetal disposition
222
What happens to placental attachments to endometrium during first stage parturition
223
What are the signs of first stage parturition
224
What is the difference in second stage parturition between monotocous and polytocous species
225
What is the first sign of second stage parturition
226
What is the Fergusons reflex
227
Describe the 2nd stage of parturition
1. Fergusons reflex
2. Allantochorion ruptures as it moves towards cervix - allantoic fluid escapes from vulva
3. Contractions continue, amnion appears at vulva (water bag)
4. Fetal limbs appear in amnion
5. Fetus becomes hypoxic as it enters birth canal - promotes foetal movement which stimulates myometrial contractions
6. Foetal head reaches vulva - climax of uterine and abdominal muscle effort
Foetus expelled
228
What is the stimulus for breathing after parturition
air in nostrils
229
Why is it important to allow some time to pass before the umbilical cord is ruptured
230
How long is second stage parturition in cow, ewe, sow, mare, bitch, queen
the shorter the stage, the more important it is to get there quickly if something goes wrong
231
In what position are fetuses normally delivered
232
What is breech
233
Describe the 3rd stage of parturition
1. Regular abdominal contractions cease
2. Myometrial contractions decrease in amplitude, become less regular but become more frequent
3. Lack of foetus results in vasoconstriction of arteries supplying chorionic villi
- villi decrease in size and released from crypts
4. Uterine contractions cause:
- opening of endometrial cups
- exsanguination/loss of blood from placenta
- separation of the foetal membrane
When inverted membranes form a mass in pelvis => reflex abdominal contractions
Allantochorion/placenta is expulsed
234
What is puerperium
235
What is fetal disposition
236
What is fetal presentation
237
What is fetal position
238
What is fetal posture
239
Describe the position
240
Describe the position
241
What is dystocia
difficult birth
242
What are common causes of dystocia
foetus too big
dam too small
abnormal foetal position
multiple foetuses
poor or absent uterine contractions (primary or secondary intertia)
243
What is the term used to describe correcting fetus presentation, position or posture and what does it comprise
Mutation
244
What are ways of managing dystocia
Drug therapy:
- oxytocin => contractions
- clenbuterol (tocolytic) => stops contractions
Surgical treatment:
- epidural anaesthesia => stop contractions
- episiotomy - enlarge birth canal
- fetotomy
- caesarean
Euthanasia
245
What is traction used for in managing parturition
provided at the time of contractions to aid expulsion
also helps allow foetal breathing
246
What methods are these for providing traction to live & dead foetuses
Live:
- calving jack
- head/neck snare
- vectis forceps
Dead:
- chains
- eye hooks
- self closing hooks
247
What should you always check for after a delivery following dystocia
248
What is primary and secondary inertis?
Primary uterine inertia is the failure to initiate contractions at parturition. Secondary uterine inertia is the failure to progress once contractions are initiated (uterine fatigue)
249
What are the signs and husbandry considerations in ewe parturition
250
What are the signs and husbandry considerations in sow parturition
251
What are the signs and husbandry considerations in queen parturition
252
What are the signs and husbandry considerations in bitch parturition
253
What are the indices that a cow is calving
vulval swelling
bag protruding
mammary hypertrophy
254
What are the indices that a mare is foaling
restless
mammary hypertrophy
vulval swelling
softening at back end
255
What is the difference between foetal and maternal dystocia
Foetal - caused by the foetus e.g., large foetus, disposition
Maternal - caused by dam e.g., too small, uterine inertia
256
How can you induce breeding in this scenario
257
How can you induce breeding in this scenario
258
What happens in the postpartum period
259
What is uterine involution
cow:
day 1 - cervix closing, large uterus
day 4 - shrinking uterus, lochia
day 10 - follicular growth restarting
day 20 - nearly involuted
260
What are the mechanisms of uterus involution
261
What is lochia
uterine discharge
262
Describe the process of endometrial repair
Restoration of caruncle:
- necrosis => sloughing of placentome
- leaves caruncular stubs
Inter-caruncular endometrium:
- thins during pregnancy
- undergoes tissue remodelling post-partum
- new epithelial coverage
263
Why is uterine involution slower in dairy cow
Calves removed so no suckling => lower oxytocin levels
264
why is uterine involution rapid in mare
Hastened by foal heat:
- comes into oestrus shortly after parturition
- release of oestradiol with heat aids involution
Small lochia
Little endometrial disruption
Normal by day 14
265
Why is uterine involution slow in the bitch
2 lochia:
- 1st: from pigmented zone in placenta (green)
- 2nd: normal lochia, 4-6 weeks later
Endometrial repair:
- slow (3 months)
- multiple remodelling steps
Back to normal in 90 days
266
State conditions that would predispose uterus to bacterial contamination in postpartum period
267
Describe the pathology of endometritis
Persistent infection:
- reduced uterine defence mechanism
- devitalised tissue e.g., retained foetal membranes
Inflammation of endometrium
Opportunistic pathogens
Cause of infertility
Can be treated with antibiotics, uterine flush or injection to stimulate uterine contractions
268
Cause of anoestrous during gestation
269
Cause of anoestrous postpartum
270
Describe mechanism of ovarian rebound
271
Describe ovarian rebound in mare
272
Describe ovarian rebound in sow
273
Describe ovarian rebound in bitch
274
Describe ovarian rebound in cat
275
What factors effect ovarian rebound
276
Describe abnormal ovarian rebound
277
What pathology does this abnormal progesterone profile suggest
(x axis: days postpartum)
delayed 1st ovulation
278
What pathology does this abnormal progesterone profile suggest
(x axis: days postpartum)
cessation of ovarian activity after initial resumption
279
What pathology does this abnormal progesterone profile suggest
persistent CL
