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Leah URO > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How long is rabbit gestation

A

30-33 days

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2
Q

What age do testes descend in rabbit

A

10 weeks

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3
Q

How to sex rabbits

A
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4
Q

When is rabbit breeding season

A

jan-sept but fertile all year round

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5
Q

When do rabbits reach sexual maturity

A

male: 4-12 months
female: 5-9 months

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6
Q

When do female rabbits reach puberty

A

puberty = first ovulation
before sexual maturity
3-6 months
can get pregnant before reaching sexual maturity

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7
Q

What are the issues with early and late rabbit mating

A
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8
Q

Describe rabbbit oestrous cycle

A

receptive for up to 14 days
2-4 days non-receptive to buck
induced ovulators
- 10-13 hours after mating

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9
Q

What are the signs of pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in rabbit

A
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10
Q

From when can you detect pregnancy in rabbits

A
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11
Q

What are the benefits of neutering female rabbits

A
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12
Q

What are the benefits of neutering male rabbits

A
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13
Q

When should male rabbits be neutered

A
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14
Q

When should female rabbits be neutered

A
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15
Q

Describe rabbit male reproductive anatomy

A
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16
Q

Describe rabbit female reproductive anatomy

A
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17
Q

Describe reptile male reproductive anatomy

A
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18
Q

Describe reptile hemipenes

A
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19
Q

Label the snake

A
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20
Q

What happens to distal convoluted tubules kidney in some squamates during breeding season

A

cells go from cubodial to columnar
Large eosinophilic granules secreted into lumen

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21
Q

Describe reptile female reproductive anatomy

A
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22
Q

Label the chelonian female anatomy

A
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23
Q

Label the female lizard anatomy

A
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24
Q

Label the female snake anatomy

A
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25
Q

What are the stages of reptile female reproduction

A
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26
Q

Describe reptile asexual reproduction

A
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27
Q

Describe fertilisation in reptiles

A
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28
Q

Describe oviparous and viviparous reptiles

A
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29
Q

describe reptile reproductive endocrinology

A
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30
Q

List examples of breeding stimuli in reptiles

A
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31
Q

What is follicular stasis

A
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32
Q

What are the snake sex chromosomes

A
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33
Q

Describe temperature dependent sex determination

A
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34
Q

Give examples of temperature dependent sex determination

A
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35
Q

How can plastron be used to sex chelonians

A

shape also affected by husbandry so tail length more reliable

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36
Q

How can you sex squamates

A
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37
Q

What are some other methods of sex determination in reptiles (not sex probs or shape)

A
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38
Q

Describe male fish reproductive anatomy

A
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39
Q

Describe female fish reproductive anatomy

A
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40
Q

Describe the stages of fish female reproduction

A
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41
Q

Describe fish reproductive endocrinology

A
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42
Q

Describe sex determination in fish

A

Genetic dependent
or
temperature dependent

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43
Q

What are some environmental effects on fish reproduction

A
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44
Q

Label the fetal membranes

A
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45
Q

What are the 3 stages of implantation

A
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46
Q

What is the function of MUC1 in implantation

A

MUC1 = mucin that inhibits attachment of foetus to uterine wall
Uterus prevents implantation except during placentation window

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47
Q

Describe invasive vs non-invasive implantation

A

Non-invasive:
- elongation
- apposition
- attachment
- cows and sheep
Invasive:
- apposition
- attachment
- invasion
- primates

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48
Q

What are foetal extraembryonic membranes

A

chorionic
yolk sac
allantoic

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49
Q

What is hemotrophic vs histotrophic nutrition

A
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50
Q

What are the possible layers between foetal and maternal blood circulation

A
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51
Q

Describe epitheliochorial placenta

A

6 layers
mare, sow

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52
Q

Describe endotheliochorial placenta

A

4 layers
bitch, cat
3 foetal layers, 2 maternal layers lost due to trophoblast invading uterus so only endothelium present

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53
Q

Describe haemochorial placenta

A

3 layers
rabbits, humans
3 foetal layers, 0 maternal layers because trophoblast has invaded so far into uterus it goes into blood vessels
- leads to pooling of blood against foetal membrane

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54
Q

Describe distribution of chorionic villi across species

A
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55
Q

Describe placentation in sow

A
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56
Q

Label

A
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57
Q

Label the porcine maternal foetal interface

A
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58
Q

Describe placentation in ewe and cow

A
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59
Q

What is the difference in the placentomes between cows and sheep?

A
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60
Q

What is a placentome

A

cotyledons aligned with caruncles

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61
Q

Label

A
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62
Q

Describe placentation in the horse

A
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63
Q

What is the chorionic girdle in horses

A
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64
Q

What are endometrial cups

A
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65
Q

Describe placentation in the dog

A
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66
Q

Describe the appearance of zonary placenta

A
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67
Q

What is decidualisation

A
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68
Q

Label the haemochorial placenta

A
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69
Q

Label the umbilical vasculature

A
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70
Q

Label the canine maternal-fetal interface

A
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71
Q

What species do these belong to

A
  1. sow & mare
  2. primates
  3. dog & cat
  4. sheep & cow
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72
Q

What are the functions of the placenta

A
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73
Q

describe placental and fetal growth

A
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74
Q

What factors influence passive diffusion across the placenta

A
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75
Q

Which type of placenta has the most efficient nutrient exchange

A
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76
Q

Describe active transport of nutrients across the placenta

A

amino acids and glucose
specific carrier molecules required
requires energy because net transfer is maternal to fetal direction

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77
Q

Why does the placenta produce hormones

A
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78
Q

Why are progesterons essential for pregnancy

A
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79
Q

In what species does the placenta take over progesterone production during pregnancy

A

human
cow
mare
ewe

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80
Q

Fill in the table with placental progesterone takeover

A
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81
Q

describe oestrogen in pregnancy

A
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82
Q

Describe prolactin in pregnancy

A
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83
Q

Describe relaxin in pregnancy

A
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84
Q

Describe placental lactogen in pregnancy

A
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85
Q

Fill in the pregnant mare hormone profile with hormone and its source

A
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86
Q

What are endometrial cups in the mare and what is their function

A
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87
Q

What is the function of ECG in mares

A

eCG = equine chorionic gonadotrophin
Produced from endometrial cups
Has FSH and LH-like activity:
- increases progesterone from primary CL
- induces formation of accessory CL

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88
Q

What is the main progesteron in the mare

A

5-alpha-pregnane

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89
Q

How are equine oestrogens produced

A
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90
Q

Describe the endocrinology of the pregnant bitch

A
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91
Q

label the hormone profile of the pregnant bitch

A
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92
Q

Describe progesterone in the pregnant queen

A
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93
Q

Why can PGF2a not be used to terminate pregnancy in mares after 35 days?

A

endometrial cups can produce sufficient progesterone without the CLs

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94
Q

Describe pregnancy failure in the mare that doesnt result in pseudopregnancy

A

If pregnancy failure in days 1-5 - embryo lost whilst in uterine tube so returns to normal oestrus

If pregnancy failure in days 5-15 - no maternal recognition of pregnancy so returns to normal oestrus cycle (unless associated with uterine inflammation)

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95
Q

Describe mare type 1 pseudopregnancy

A
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96
Q

Describe mare type 2 pseudopregnancy

A
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97
Q

What are the approaches to detecting pregnancy

A
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98
Q

Why can using progesterone to diagnose pregnancy lead to false positives or negatives

A
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99
Q

Why is the use of IFNT (pregnancy recognition factor) limited in its usefulness for detecting pregnancy

A

vast majority of IFNT stays in uterine lumen and never escapes into blood so blood test useless and you dont want to disturb the embryo

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100
Q

Can oestrogen be used to diagnose pregnancy

A

yes but only mid-pregnancy (no early diagnosis)

No false positives

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101
Q

What pregnancy specific hormones can be used to detect pregnancy

A
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102
Q

How can rectal palpation be used to diagnose pregnancy

A
  1. pregnancy specific enlargement of uterus
    - enlargement in 1 horn unless twins
  2. fetal membranes
    - e.g. membrane slip in cow (use with care and caution)
  3. ballottement of fetus
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103
Q

How can abdominal palpation be used in pregnancy diagnosis

A
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104
Q

Which ultrasound methods can be used to detect pregnancy

A
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105
Q

What would you see in an early pregnancy ultrasound

A

careful examination required to ensure diagnosis of twins so appropriate action can be taken

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106
Q

At what stage of pregnancy can you detect an embryo and heartbeat on ultrasound

A
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107
Q

At what stage of pregnancy can you detect fetal structures on ultrasound

A
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108
Q

What is the use of radiographic examination for pregnancy diagnosis

A
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109
Q

What are the physical changes associated with pregnancy

A
  • increased appetite
  • weight gain
  • abdominal enlargement
  • relaxation of perineal tissue
  • auscultation of fetal heart beats
  • uterine artery enlargement and change in blood flow
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110
Q

What are the external secondary changes associated with pregnancy

A
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111
Q

What are the internal secondary changes associated with pregnancy

A
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112
Q

What are methods of pregnancy diagnosis and when used in cows

A

only blue

113
Q

What are methods of pregnancy diagnosis and when used in ewes

A

only blue

114
Q

What are methods of pregnancy diagnosis and when used in sows

A

bold and blue

115
Q

What are methods of pregnancy diagnosis and when used in mares

A
116
Q

What are methods of pregnancy diagnosis and when used in bitch

A
117
Q

What are methods of pregnancy diagnosis and when used in queen

A
118
Q

How can placentas be classified

A
119
Q

Complete the placental classification table

A
120
Q

label the sow placenta

A
121
Q

Label the camelid placenta

A
122
Q

Where does the term synepitheliochorial come from

A

binucleate cells form on fetal side & then migrate and fuse with maternal epithelium (forms mini syncytium)

123
Q
A
124
Q

Label the endotheliochorial placenta

A
125
Q

Label the endotheliochorial placenta

A
126
Q

What is meant by the haemophagous zone of a endotheliochorial placenta

A

pooled maternal blood, involved in iron transport

127
Q

Label the canine maternal-fetal interface

A
128
Q

Label the haemochorial placenta

A
129
Q

Identify the avian follicle stages and cell layers

A
130
Q

When can pregnancy failure occur

A
131
Q

When does most pregnancy loss occur

A

very early gestation

132
Q

Why does pseudopregnancy follow pregnancy loss in mare, goat, sow and queen

A
133
Q

Describe pregnancy loss and pseudopregnancy in goat

A
134
Q

What chromosome abnormalities can lead to embryo loss

A
135
Q

What are some causes of embryonic and foetal loss

A
136
Q

What are some routes of infection of the pregnant uterus

A
137
Q

Describe manifestation of early embryonic death

A

tissues usually resorbed & animal returns to oestrous

138
Q

Describe manifestation of embryonicdeath following infection

A
139
Q

Describe manifestation of expulsion of abortus tissue

A
140
Q

Describe manifestation of foetal mummification following pregnancy loss

A
141
Q

When are fetuses aborted in a state of autolysis

A
142
Q

What are some common infectious agents of abortion in mare

A

Streptococcus zooepidemicus

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1)

143
Q

What are the effects of twinning and multiple fetuses in mares, cows, sheep and pigs

A
144
Q

Describe equine twinning

A
145
Q

Describe pregnancy loss in equine twin pregnancies

A
146
Q

Define intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR)

A

impaired growth and development of mammalian embryo/fetus or its organs during pregnancy

147
Q

What are some causes of intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR)

A
148
Q

Describe nutrition induced placental growth restriction in adolescent sheep

A

Moderate nutritional intake found to be ideal because nutrients were divided equally among mother and lamb

Higher intake means smaller placenta and thus smaller lamb

149
Q

Describe Schmallenberg virus leading to abortion

A

late abortion or birth defects in newborn sheep, cattle and goats

Has greatest affect mid gestation when CNS is developing
- impact on limbs is secondary affect
Usually asymptomatic in adults

150
Q

Describe Chlamydial abortion in ewes

A

Main cause of ovine abortion in UK

Abortion in last 3 weeks of pregnancy

Placental damage from day 90 –> colonised by bacteria –> inflammation –> progesterone levels drop

Placenta looks thickened between cotyledons and brownish exudate over surface

151
Q

Describe toxoplasma abortion in ewes

A

causes dark red placental cotyledons with white speckles of necrosis

152
Q

What is the effect of Campylobacter species on ovine abortion

A

abortion in last 6 weeks or birth of live weak lambs

spreads rapidly due to organisms in aborted material

No lesions present in placenta

153
Q

What are the main infectious causes of abortion in goats

A
154
Q

Describe the effects of bovine BVD infection in early, mid and late gestation

A
155
Q

What are the main non-infectious causes of pregnancy loss in cow

A
156
Q

What are the risk factors of pregnancy loss in sow

A
157
Q

What intrapartum factors affect pregnancy loss in sow

A
158
Q

What postpartum factors affect pregnancy loss in sow

A
159
Q

What is the main cause of abortion in sheep

A

infectious agents

160
Q

What causes abortion in bitch and queen

A
161
Q

What steps would be taken following an abortion storm on a sheep farm

A
162
Q

What are the common infectious agents that cause abortion in sheep

A

Chlamdyia abortus
toxoplasma
Campylobacter
Salmonella
Listeria

163
Q

What are stem cells

A
164
Q

Define totipotent, pluripotent and multipotent

A
165
Q

What type of stem cells are there

A
166
Q

What are some uses of stem cells

A
167
Q

What is reprogramming in stem cell technology

A

Process of reversal of differentiation of somatic cells in autologous pluripotent cells so can use patients own cells
- otherwise face problem of immune rejection because donor & recipient must match

168
Q

What are induced pluripotent stem cells and what is the advantage of using them

A
169
Q

What is somatic nuclear transfer

A
170
Q

What are the aims of therapeutic and reproductive cloning

A
171
Q

What is the difference between a twin and a clone

A
172
Q

What is the process of reproductive cloning

A
173
Q

What is transgenesis

A
174
Q

What is a transgene

A
175
Q

What are some applications of transgenics

A

Biopharmaceuticals - production of pharmaceutical products in fluids of transgenic animals

Xeno-transplantation - using animal organs in transplantation

Nutraceuticals - altering composition of animal traits to increase nutritional value and tolerance

176
Q

Define superovulation

A

stimulation of more dominant follicles to form than would occur naturally

Not possible in horse but common procedure in cow

177
Q

Define ovum pick-up (OPU)

A

collection of oocytes from multiple follicles in vivo

178
Q

Define in vitro fertilisation (IVF)

A

fertilisation of oocyte with sperm in a petri dish to create embryo

179
Q

Define embryo transfer (ET)

A

transfer of an embryo, derived from mating of valuable parents, into fertile but less valuable recipient (host) female who carries pregnancy to term & offspring to weaning

180
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of embryo transfer

A
181
Q

Describe process of embryo transfer

A
182
Q

How is superovulation stimulated in cows

A
  1. day 9-14 of oestrus cycle repeated gonadotrophin treatment
    - ECG or purified FSH
    - coincides with 2nd follicular wave
    - repeated to help follicles become dominant
  2. 48-72h later, administer PGF2a to lyse CL
  3. 40-56h later, cow is in oestrus
183
Q

How are embryos for embryo transfer collected from uterus

A

trans-cervical flush of uterus via catheter on days 6,7 or 8

184
Q

Describe embryo searching for embryo transfer

A
185
Q

Describe how embryo is transferred from donor to recipient in embryo transfer

A
186
Q

Describe the process of ovum-pick up and in vitro production of embryo

A
  1. ovarian stimulation - low dose FSH => medium follicles
  2. oocyte collection (in vivo) - transvaginal aspiration of medium follicles via specialised ultrasound probe - needle inserted into follicle, fluid collected under vacuum
  3. in vitro production of embryo - oocytes matured and fertilised in lab => ET
187
Q

What are the stages of parturition

A
188
Q

What fetal hormone matures fetus (signal for birth)

A
189
Q

Draw a hormonal profile of parturition and describe what happens

A
190
Q

What does fetal cortisol do

A
191
Q

Label the cascade of actions due to fetal stress leading to birth

A
192
Q

Describe the neuro-hormonal reflex causing oxytocin release

A
  1. Increased pressure on cervix activates pressure sensitive neurons
  2. Relay afferent info to hypothalamus
  3. Neural input to posterior pituitary => oxytocin release
193
Q

Describe the mechanism of myometrial contractions (during parturition)

A
  • myometrial contractions are initiated by bursts of propagating action potentials
  • Ca2+ is critical second messenger
  • myosin light chain kinase is key regulatory enzyme
  1. influx of Ca2+ into muscle
  2. Ca2+ binds to calmodulin
  3. activates MLCK which phosphorylates myosin light chains
  4. enables actin-myosin crossbridge to form
194
Q

What is the role of gap junctions in coordination of contractility

A
195
Q

How is myometrial contraction regulated

A

Oxytocin - increases force, duration and frequency of contractions

Prostaglandins:
- PGF2a => contraction
- PGI2 => relaxation
- PGE2 => cervical softening

Neural input:
- autonomic NS via pelvic plexus innervates endo/myometrium through adrenergic receptors:
- a1 => contraction
- b2 =< relaxation

196
Q

What are the approaches to terminating pregnancy

A
  • induce luteolysis
  • remove progesterone support for pregnancy
  • induce premature parturition
197
Q

Why might you want to induce parturition

A
198
Q

How can you induce parturition

A

Glucocorticoids - mimic fetal HPA

Prostaglandins - induce luteolysis and contractions

Oxytocin - cause contractions

199
Q

What are the risks of inducing parturition

A
200
Q

Why might you want to accelerate parturition

A
201
Q

How can oxytocin be used to accelerate parturition and what are the risks

A
202
Q

How can PGF2a be used to induce parturition and what are the risks

A
203
Q

Why might glucocorticoids be used to induce parturition

A
204
Q

Why might you want to reduce or prevent contractions and what can you use for it

A
205
Q

How do you work our dilution factor

A

stock concentration/ desired concentration

206
Q

What is the equation for volume of stock

A
207
Q
A
208
Q
A
209
Q
A
210
Q
A
211
Q
A
212
Q

How long is goat pregnancy? when are they likely to kid? why might there be a delay in parturition

A

150 days

more likely to kid during the day in quiet environment

delay due to stress, nutritional issues, twins

213
Q

What hormonal changes occur in late pregnancy & prior to parturition in doe (goat)?

A

increased prolactin, oxytocin, relaxin and cortisol

214
Q

Where does uterine fluid come from

A

endometrial glands in endometrium (uterus lining)

215
Q

What is luteo-placental shift

A

change in primary source of progesterone production for corpus luteum to placenta

216
Q

What are the main reasons for carrying out a C section

A

*Feto-maternal disproportion

*Malpresentation

*Inadequate cervical dilation

*Uterine Torsion

*Fetal monster/infectious disease

*Uterine interia (primary/secondary)

*Obstruction of pelvic canal

217
Q

What are the complications of C-sections that can impact future fertility

A

Metritis
Retained foetal membranes
Endometritis

218
Q

What are C-section complications due to the abdominal surgery?

A

Peritonitis
Wound breakdown
Abcessation

219
Q

Describe the preparation stage of parturition

A
220
Q

Describe the first stage of parturition - onset of uterine contractions

A

Fetus produces cortisol:
1. cortisol enzymes convert progesterone to oestradiol
2. progesterone decline removes myometrial contraction block
3. increased basal uterine contractions
4. elevated oestrogen increases reproductive tract secretions -> lubrication
Cortisol => increased uterine prostaglandin:
1. Lysis of CL
2. uterine contraction due to increased PGF2a and oestrogen
3. relaxin production causes degradation and remodelling of cervical matrix and cervical os opens

221
Q

Describe foetal disposition

A
222
Q

What happens to placental attachments to endometrium during first stage parturition

A
223
Q

What are the signs of first stage parturition

A
224
Q

What is the difference in second stage parturition between monotocous and polytocous species

A
225
Q

What is the first sign of second stage parturition

A
226
Q

What is the Fergusons reflex

A
227
Q

Describe the 2nd stage of parturition

A
  1. Fergusons reflex
  2. Allantochorion ruptures as it moves towards cervix - allantoic fluid escapes from vulva
  3. Contractions continue, amnion appears at vulva (water bag)
  4. Fetal limbs appear in amnion
  5. Fetus becomes hypoxic as it enters birth canal - promotes foetal movement which stimulates myometrial contractions
  6. Foetal head reaches vulva - climax of uterine and abdominal muscle effort
    Foetus expelled
228
Q

What is the stimulus for breathing after parturition

A

air in nostrils

229
Q

Why is it important to allow some time to pass before the umbilical cord is ruptured

A
230
Q

How long is second stage parturition in cow, ewe, sow, mare, bitch, queen

A

the shorter the stage, the more important it is to get there quickly if something goes wrong

231
Q

In what position are fetuses normally delivered

A
232
Q

What is breech

A
233
Q

Describe the 3rd stage of parturition

A
  1. Regular abdominal contractions cease
  2. Myometrial contractions decrease in amplitude, become less regular but become more frequent
  3. Lack of foetus results in vasoconstriction of arteries supplying chorionic villi
    - villi decrease in size and released from crypts
  4. Uterine contractions cause:
    - opening of endometrial cups
    - exsanguination/loss of blood from placenta
    - separation of the foetal membrane

When inverted membranes form a mass in pelvis => reflex abdominal contractions
Allantochorion/placenta is expulsed

234
Q

What is puerperium

A
235
Q

What is fetal disposition

A
236
Q

What is fetal presentation

A
237
Q

What is fetal position

A
238
Q

What is fetal posture

A
239
Q

Describe the position

A
240
Q

Describe the position

A
241
Q

What is dystocia

A

difficult birth

242
Q

What are common causes of dystocia

A

foetus too big
dam too small
abnormal foetal position
multiple foetuses
poor or absent uterine contractions (primary or secondary intertia)

243
Q

What is the term used to describe correcting fetus presentation, position or posture and what does it comprise

A

Mutation

244
Q

What are ways of managing dystocia

A

Drug therapy:
- oxytocin => contractions
- clenbuterol (tocolytic) => stops contractions

Surgical treatment:
- epidural anaesthesia => stop contractions
- episiotomy - enlarge birth canal
- fetotomy
- caesarean

Euthanasia

245
Q

What is traction used for in managing parturition

A

provided at the time of contractions to aid expulsion
also helps allow foetal breathing

246
Q

What methods are these for providing traction to live & dead foetuses

A

Live:
- calving jack
- head/neck snare
- vectis forceps

Dead:
- chains
- eye hooks
- self closing hooks

247
Q

What should you always check for after a delivery following dystocia

A
248
Q

What is primary and secondary inertis?

A

Primary uterine inertia is the failure to initiate contractions at parturition. Secondary uterine inertia is the failure to progress once contractions are initiated (uterine fatigue)

249
Q

What are the signs and husbandry considerations in ewe parturition

A
250
Q

What are the signs and husbandry considerations in sow parturition

A
251
Q

What are the signs and husbandry considerations in queen parturition

A
252
Q

What are the signs and husbandry considerations in bitch parturition

A
253
Q

What are the indices that a cow is calving

A

vulval swelling
bag protruding
mammary hypertrophy

254
Q

What are the indices that a mare is foaling

A

restless
mammary hypertrophy
vulval swelling
softening at back end

255
Q

What is the difference between foetal and maternal dystocia

A

Foetal - caused by the foetus e.g., large foetus, disposition
Maternal - caused by dam e.g., too small, uterine inertia

256
Q

How can you induce breeding in this scenario

A
257
Q

How can you induce breeding in this scenario

A
258
Q

What happens in the postpartum period

A
259
Q

What is uterine involution

A

cow:
day 1 - cervix closing, large uterus
day 4 - shrinking uterus, lochia
day 10 - follicular growth restarting
day 20 - nearly involuted

260
Q

What are the mechanisms of uterus involution

A
261
Q

What is lochia

A

uterine discharge

262
Q

Describe the process of endometrial repair

A

Restoration of caruncle:
- necrosis => sloughing of placentome
- leaves caruncular stubs

Inter-caruncular endometrium:
- thins during pregnancy
- undergoes tissue remodelling post-partum
- new epithelial coverage

263
Q

Why is uterine involution slower in dairy cow

A

Calves removed so no suckling => lower oxytocin levels

264
Q

why is uterine involution rapid in mare

A

Hastened by foal heat:
- comes into oestrus shortly after parturition
- release of oestradiol with heat aids involution

Small lochia

Little endometrial disruption

Normal by day 14

265
Q

Why is uterine involution slow in the bitch

A

2 lochia:

  • 1st: from pigmented zone in placenta (green)
  • 2nd: normal lochia, 4-6 weeks later

Endometrial repair:
- slow (3 months)
- multiple remodelling steps

Back to normal in 90 days

266
Q

State conditions that would predispose uterus to bacterial contamination in postpartum period

A
267
Q

Describe the pathology of endometritis

A

Persistent infection:
- reduced uterine defence mechanism
- devitalised tissue e.g., retained foetal membranes

Inflammation of endometrium

Opportunistic pathogens

Cause of infertility

Can be treated with antibiotics, uterine flush or injection to stimulate uterine contractions

268
Q

Cause of anoestrous during gestation

A
269
Q

Cause of anoestrous postpartum

A
270
Q

Describe mechanism of ovarian rebound

A
271
Q

Describe ovarian rebound in mare

A
272
Q

Describe ovarian rebound in sow

A
273
Q

Describe ovarian rebound in bitch

A
274
Q

Describe ovarian rebound in cat

A
275
Q

What factors effect ovarian rebound

A
276
Q

Describe abnormal ovarian rebound

A
277
Q

What pathology does this abnormal progesterone profile suggest

(x axis: days postpartum)

A

delayed 1st ovulation

278
Q

What pathology does this abnormal progesterone profile suggest

(x axis: days postpartum)

A

cessation of ovarian activity after initial resumption

279
Q

What pathology does this abnormal progesterone profile suggest

A

persistent CL

Leah URO (8 decks)

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