Week 4 Flashcards by Hamna Parvaiz

sodium potassium pump

general info

Na+ ions are expelled
K+ ions brought in
Enzyme ATPase

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what are the two types of active transport

primary + secondary

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what is the process of primary active transport

carrier protein
Changes shape
Pumps the substance across the membrane
Energy to change shape of protein
Directly from ATP
Typical cell will expend 40% of its ATP energy on AT processes
Cyanide turns off production of ATP

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what is active transport

Other substances hitch a ride

Secondary active transport proteins bind onto the Na+ as it leaks back into the cell across the plasma membrane

Thus use the potential energy
Stored in a concentration gradient
Indirect use of the ATP energy used in primary AT

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what is a symporter

same direction

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what is an antiporter

opposite direction

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what is a vesicle

A structure within or outside a cell
Consists of liquid/cytoplasm
Enclosed by a lipid bilayer

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what is endocytosis

Substances move in
Vesciles formed from the plasma membrane

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exocytosis

Vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane
Material expelled out of the cell and into the extracellular fluid

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what is a neutrophils

type of white blood cells

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what are the organelles in the cell

centrosome
cilia & flagella
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum

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strucute/function

cilia and flagella

Cell surface
Motile
Movement of foreign particles away from the cell, or fluid across its surface (cilia)
Cell movement (flagella) - sperm

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structure/function

ribosome

Site of protein synthesis
Contain ribosomal RNA

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structure/function

endoplasmic reticulum

Connected to the nuclear envelope
Extends into the cytosol
Rough ER – protein synthesis
Smooth ER – synthesis of steroids and fatty acids

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when was the human genome project finished

1990-2003

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what are the 4 basic types of tissues

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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structure/function

epithelial tissue

Allows body to interact with internal and external envrionment
Covers the body surface
Lines the hollow organs, body cavities and ducts
Forms the glands

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strucutre/function

connective tissue

Supports and protects body and body organs
Stores energy reserves as fats
Provides immunity

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structure/function

muscular tissue

Cells specialized to produce contraction and generation of force
Generates heat

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structure/function

nervous tissue

Detects and responds to change both inside and outside the body
Creates electrical signals that activate muscular contraction of glandular secretions

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what is a cell junction

Contact points between plasma membrane

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types of cell junctions

tight junctions
adherens junctions
desmosomes
gap junctions

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structure/function/examples

tight junctions

Strands of transmembrane proteins

Fuse together the outer surface of adjacent plasma membranes
Binds them together into leakproof sheets

Limit the leakage of various substances between the two cells

Epithelial cells lining the stomach, intestine and urinary tract
Inhibit passageof substances between cells
Prevent contents leaking into blood or surrounding tissue

structure/function/examples

adherens junctions

Dense protein plaque inside plasma membrane

Attaches to membrane proteins and cytoskeleton
Runs like a belt around the entire cell

Provides strong bond between the sides of adjacent epithelial cell membranes
Strong – Resists mechanical stress

# structure/function/examples gap junctions

Fluid-filled channels Directly connects cytoplasm of two cells Ions and small molecules diffuse from the cytosol of one cell to another Prevent the passage of larger molecules Also enable nerve impulses to spread rapidly amongst cells In the eye Used to transport nutrients and waste Crystalline lens and cornea

# structure/function/examples Desmosomes

Attach one cell to another Transmembrane glycoproteins extend into the intracellular space between adjacent cells Each cell produces a similar plaque structure on its side of the junction

what is a hermidesmosome

attach a cell to the basement membrane below

what is a basement membrane

Thin membrane of protein fibres and mucopolysaccharies Secreted by eepithelial cells Non – cellular structure Separates and anchors the epithelium from underlying tissue

what are the two laminae in the basement membrane

basal lamina reticular lamina

what is the bowman's layer

anterior part of corneal stroma | not a basement layer

# structure + properties of epithelial tissue

Continuous sheets Single or multiple layers Cells closely packed Many cell junctions Little intercellular space/fluid between

two main types of epithelial tissue

Covering, lining or surface epithelium Glandular epithelium

what does avascular tissue mean

Rely on adjacent connective tissue for nutrients/waste disposal

# what is the classification of cells simple

Single cell layer Functions: diffusion, osmosis and filtration Secretion: mucus sweat and enzymes Absorbtion: intake of fluids or ingested food in the intestine

# what is the classification of cells pseudostartified

Also simple All cells lie on BM Cells may not stretch to apical surface Gives appearance of multi layers tissue | Also simple

# what is the classification of cells stratified

Two or more cell layers Protection of underlying tissues Location where significant wear and tear

what are the different shapes of tissue

squamous cubodial columnar transitional ciliated/non-ciliated microvilli keratinised

what is squamous tissue

flat rapid passage of substace

what is cubodial tissue

May have microvilli/cilia Secretion and absorbtion

# functions: connective tissue

Binds, supports, strengthens Protects, insulates, compartmentalises | e.g blood ## Footnote extracellular matrix + cells

# properties of ground substance in extracellular matrix

Structure determines functional properties Fluid, semi-fluid, gelatinous, or calcified highly vascular except cartilage nerve supply

what are the protein fibers of extracellular matrix

Secreted by connective tissue cells Properties vary according to location

properties of collogen fibres

Strong, flexible, cushioning E.g. bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

properties of elastic fibres

Protein elastin Elasticity E.g. Skin, blood vessel walls, lung tissue

what are the properties of reticular fibres

Collagen fibres coated in glycoprotein Supporting framework of many soft organs e.g. spleen, lymph nodes Form the basement membrane

what are the 3 types of connective tissue cells

mesenchymal stem cells blasts cells cyte cells

what are 3 examples of connective tissue cells

fibroblasts macrophages mast cells leucocytes

what is collogen

insoluble fibrous protein strong not stiff

what are the collogen strucutres in the eye

cornea-transparent tissue sclera-opaque tissue vitreous body retina- typical thin basement membrane choroid

what are membranes

tissue e.g epithelial membrane with a epithelial layer + underlying connective tissue

what are the 4 principle membranes

Mucous Serous Cutaneous Synovial

what do mucous membranes do

lie body cavities open to exterior

what are serous membranes

line body cavities not open to exterior also covers organs

what does muscle tissue consist of

Muscle fibres: single elongated cells Use ATP to generate force

what is the function of muscle tissue

Body movement Maintain prosture Generate heat Generate hest Protection

what are the types of muscular tissue

skeletal smooth cardiac