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Optometry > week 2 +3 > Flashcards

week 2 +3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pH scale

A

the potential of hydrogen
0-14

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2
Q

what do buffer systems do

A

absorb excess hydrogen or hydroxide ions

prevent radical change in fluid pH

carbonic acid as weak acid
bicarbonate ion as a weak base

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3
Q

how are macromolecules assembled

A

dehydration synthesis

carbs

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4
Q

what is a half life

A

time taken for half the radioactive atom to decay into a more stable form

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5
Q

use for radioasotopes

A

radioactive iodine for thyroid disease

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6
Q

what is a caoin

A

positive ion

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7
Q

what is an anion

A

negative ion

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8
Q

where is ionic bonding found

A

teeth and bones to give strength to important structural tissues

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9
Q

what does an exergonic reaction do

A

release energy

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10
Q

what does an endergonic reaction

A

absorb energy

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11
Q

what is activation energy

A

the amount of collision energy needed to break a chemical bond

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12
Q

what is polarity

A

uneven sharing of valence electrons

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13
Q

what is a mixture

the properties

A

combination of elements or compounds
no chemical bonds
physically blended

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14
Q

what are the 3 types of mixtures

A

solutions
colloids
suspenstions

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15
Q

what is a solution

A

solutes evenly distributed
Usually transparent as solute particles are small

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16
Q

what is a suspension

A

Evenly settles out
e.g blood
blood cells eventually settle out of the suspension and drift to the bottom of the tube

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17
Q

what is a colloid

A

Larger particles
Particles scatter light
e.g milk with large milk proteins

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18
Q

what do salts do when dissolved in water

A

dissociate into cations and anions

19
Q

what is the plasma membrane

A

selective flexible outer barrier

20
Q

integral membrane proteins

what are gylocpreoteins

A

carbohydrate heads that extend into the extracelluar fluid

form extensive sugary coat known as the glyocalyx

21
Q

integral proteins

what are the function

A

ion channels
carriers

22
Q

peripheral membrane proteins

what are these proteins

A

Not firmly embedded
Attached to lipids or integral proteins
Support + anchor integral proteins

23
Q

what are the types of transport

2 types

A

active and passive

24
Q

what are the passive processes

A

simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis

25
Q

what is the difference between simple and faciliated difussion

A

simple = non polar hydrophobic molecules

facilitated diffusion = solutes too polar or highly charged

26
Q

what are aquaporins

A

Play a critical role in controlling water component of cells
In the eye aquaporins are responsible to produce tear film and aqueous humor
Mutation of aquaporins have been linked to the formation of cataract

27
Q

what is tonicity

A

a measure of the solutions ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content

28
Q

define isotonic

A

concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane are the same

29
Q

define hypotonic

A

Solution with a lower conc of solutes than cytosol inside the cell

30
Q

what is hypertonic

A

Higher conc of solutes than inside the cell

31
Q

define osmolarity

A

total solute conc of a solution

32
Q

where is glycogen stored

A

liver and skeletal muscle

33
Q

what percentage of the body mass is lipids

A

18-25 %

C H O

34
Q

what are the 3 types of steroids

A

cholestrol
estrogen and testosterone
cortisol

35
Q

what is the use of cholestrol

A

Maintain cell membrane’s structure

36
Q

what is the use of estrogen and testosterone

A

regulating sexual functions

37
Q

what is the use of cortisol

A

maintaining blood sugar levels

38
Q

what % of body mass is proteins

A

12-18 %

C H O N

39
Q

structure + function

fibrous protein

A

isoluble
collogen elastin keratin dystrophin

40
Q

strucute + function

globular protein

A

soluble
metabolic functions
enzymes antibodies haemaglobin

41
Q

what is a cataract

A

Protein = crystallin in the crystalline lens
Loss of lens transparency

42
Q

DNA

what are the purines

A

adenine and guanine

43
Q

DNA

what are the pyramidines

A

thymine and cytosine

44
Q

3 types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Transfer RNA

Optometry (10 decks)

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