week 2 +3 Flashcards by Hamna Parvaiz

What is the pH scale

the potential of hydrogen
0-14

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what do buffer systems do

absorb excess hydrogen or hydroxide ions

prevent radical change in fluid pH

carbonic acid as weak acid
bicarbonate ion as a weak base

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how are macromolecules assembled

dehydration synthesis

carbs

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what is a half life

time taken for half the radioactive atom to decay into a more stable form

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use for radioasotopes

radioactive iodine for thyroid disease

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what is a caoin

positive ion

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what is an anion

negative ion

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where is ionic bonding found

teeth and bones to give strength to important structural tissues

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what does an exergonic reaction do

release energy

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what does an endergonic reaction

absorb energy

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what is activation energy

the amount of collision energy needed to break a chemical bond

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what is polarity

uneven sharing of valence electrons

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what is a mixture

the properties

combination of elements or compounds
no chemical bonds
physically blended

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what are the 3 types of mixtures

solutions
colloids
suspenstions

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what is a solution

solutes evenly distributed
Usually transparent as solute particles are small

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what is a suspension

Evenly settles out
e.g blood
blood cells eventually settle out of the suspension and drift to the bottom of the tube

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what is a colloid

Larger particles
Particles scatter light
e.g milk with large milk proteins

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what do salts do when dissolved in water

dissociate into cations and anions

what is the plasma membrane

selective flexible outer barrier

integral membrane proteins

what are gylocpreoteins

carbohydrate heads that extend into the extracelluar fluid

form extensive sugary coat known as the glyocalyx

integral proteins

what are the function

ion channels
carriers

peripheral membrane proteins

what are these proteins

Not firmly embedded
Attached to lipids or integral proteins
Support + anchor integral proteins

what are the types of transport

2 types

active and passive

what are the passive processes

simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis

what is the difference between simple and faciliated difussion

simple = non polar hydrophobic molecules facilitated diffusion = solutes too polar or highly charged

what are aquaporins

Play a critical role in controlling water component of cells In the eye aquaporins are responsible to produce tear film and aqueous humor Mutation of aquaporins have been linked to the formation of cataract

what is tonicity

a measure of the solutions ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content

define isotonic

concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane are the same

define hypotonic

Solution with a lower conc of solutes than cytosol inside the cell

what is hypertonic

Higher conc of solutes than inside the cell

define osmolarity

total solute conc of a solution

where is glycogen stored

liver and skeletal muscle

what percentage of the body mass is lipids

18-25 % | C H O

what are the 3 types of steroids

cholestrol estrogen and testosterone cortisol

what is the use of cholestrol

Maintain cell membrane's structure

what is the use of estrogen and testosterone

regulating sexual functions

what is the use of cortisol

maintaining blood sugar levels

what % of body mass is proteins

12-18 % | C H O N

# structure + function fibrous protein

isoluble collogen elastin keratin dystrophin

# strucute + function globular protein

soluble metabolic functions enzymes antibodies haemaglobin

what is a cataract

Protein = crystallin in the crystalline lens Loss of lens transparency

# DNA what are the purines

adenine and guanine

# DNA what are the pyramidines

thymine and cytosine

3 types of RNA

Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA