week 4 Flashcards
1st Line of Defense:
Question 1:
Question: What are physical and mechanical barriers in the first line of defense primarily composed of?
Options:
a. Blood and lymph
b. Epithelial cells of the skin and mucous membranes
c. Antibodies and white blood cells
d. Red blood cells and platelets
Answer: b. Epithelial cells of the skin and mucous membranes
Question 2:
Question: Which substance, secreted by sebaceous glands in the skin, creates an acidic environment detrimental to most bacteria in the first line of defense?
Options:
a. Mucus
b. Lysozyme
c. Fatty acids and lactic acid
d. Antimicrobial peptides
Answer: c. Fatty acids and lactic acid
Question 3:
Question: Which type of antimicrobial peptides can disrupt cholesterol-free bacterial cell membranes and are found in various parts of the body, including the skin and gut?
Options:
a. β-defensins
b. Mucus peptides
c. α-defensins
d. Lysozymes
Answer: a. β-defensins
2nd Line of Defense:
Question 1:
Question: What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?
Options:
a. Heat, redness, swelling, and pain
b. Cold, itchiness, numbness, and tingling
c. Sweating, paleness, fatigue, and shivering
d. Discoloration, tenderness, dryness, and scarring
Answer: a. Heat, redness, swelling, and pain
Question 2:
Question: Which characteristic of inflammation allows for a faster immune response and enhances the activity of immune cells?
Options:
a. Rapid initiation
b. Cellular and chemical components
c. Vascularization
d. Nonspecific response
Answer: c. Vascularization
Question 3:
Question: What is a drawback of the nonspecific nature of the inflammatory response?
Options:
a. It ensures a rapid and effective immune response
b. It minimizes tissue damage
c. It can sometimes lead to an autoimmune response
d. It only occurs in vascularized tissues
Answer: c. It can sometimes lead to an autoimmune response
1st Line of Defense:
Question 4:
Question: What is the primary function of the physical and mechanical barriers in the first line of defense?
Options:
a. Initiating the adaptive immune response
b. Preventing damage to the individual
c. Promoting bacterial growth
d. Facilitating communication between immune cells
Answer: b. Preventing damage to the individual
Question 5:
Question: Which component of the first line of defense traps and moves pathogens in the upper respiratory tract?
Options:
a. Mucus
b. Fatty acids
c. Lysozyme
d. Epithelial cells
Answer: d. Epithelial cells
Question 6:
Question: Prolonged treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics can lead to an overgrowth of opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms. What is an example of such a microorganism mentioned in the text?
Options:
a. E. coli
b. Clostridium difficile
c. Streptococcus
d. Lactobacillus
Answer: b. Clostridium difficile
2nd Line of Defense:
Question 4:
Question: What does the term “nonspecific” mean in the context of the inflammatory response?
Options:
a. It varies depending on the type of stimulus.
b. It leads to a quicker response if previously exposed to the same stimulus.
c. It always results in the same immune reaction.
d. It only occurs in vascularized tissues.
Answer: c. It always results in the same immune reaction.
Question 5:
Question: What is the primary benefit of a rapid inflammatory response?
Options:
a. Minimizing tissue damage
b. Allowing more time for pathogens to establish a foothold
c. Preventing the activation of the adaptive immune system
d. Enhancing the activity of pathogens
Answer: a. Minimizing tissue damage
Question 6:
Question: Which components are involved in the inflammatory response?
Options:
a. Only cellular components
b. Cellular and chemical components
c. Humoral components only
d. Vascular and bone components
Answer: b. Cellular and chemical components
Question 7:
Question: What is the role of anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a in the complement system?
Options:
a. Promote cell lysis
b. Enhance phagocytosis
c. Trigger mast cell degranulation
d. Activate fibrin formation
Answer: c. Trigger mast cell degranulation
Question 8:
Question: Which pathway in the complement system is activated by antibodies binding to antigens on the surface of pathogens?
Options:
a. Classical pathway
b. Alternative pathway
c. Lectin pathway
d. Kinin pathway
Answer: a. Classical pathway
Clotting System:
Question 9:
Question: What is the primary function of the clotting system during inflammation?
Options:
a. Promoting vasodilation
b. Trapping microorganisms
c. Forming clots to stop bleeding
d. Enhancing phagocytosis
Answer: c. Forming clots to stop bleeding
Question 10:
Question: Which factor is activated in the Extrinsic Pathway of the clotting system when there is damage to the blood vessel wall?
Options:
a. Factor VIIa
b. Factor Xa
c. Factor XIIa
d. Prekallikrein
Answer: a. Factor VIIa
Question 11:
Question: What is the common endpoint of both the Extrinsic and Intrinsic pathways in the clotting system?
Options:
a. Formation of fibrin
b. Activation of Factor XIIa
c. Release of histamines
d. Activation of kinins
Answer: a. Formation of fibrin
Plasma Protein Synthesis:
Question 12:
Question: What induces the liver to produce acute-phase reactants during inflammation?
Options:
a. Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
b. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
c. Interferon-alpha (IFN-α)
d. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)
Answer: a. Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
Question 13:
Question: Which lab test for inflammation measures the rate at which red blood cells (RBC) settle in a tube over a certain time span?
Options:
a. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
b. C-reactive protein (CRP)
c. Complete blood count (CBC)
d. Serum albumin level
Answer: a. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Question 14:
Question: Which plasma protein is a better indicator of inflammation in the body and is produced by the liver during the inflammation process?
Options:
a. Fibrinogen
b. Hemoglobin
c. C-reactive protein (CRP)
d. Albumin
Answer: c. C-reactive protein (CRP)
Kinin System:
Question 15:
Question: What initiates both the clotting and kinin systems by activating factor XIIa?
Options:
a. Bradykinin
b. Prekallikrein
c. Kininogen
d. Hageman factor (factor XII)
Answer: d. Hageman factor (factor XII)
Question 16:
Question: What is the final product of the kinin system that causes dilation of blood vessels, induces pain, causes smooth muscle cell contraction, and increases vascular permeability?
Options:
a. Kininogen
b. Bradykinin
c. Factor XIIa
d. Prostaglandin
Answer: b. Bradykinin
Question 17:
Question: What is the inner lining of blood vessels called and plays a role in coordinating blood clotting and the passage of cells and fluid into the tissue during inflammation?
Options:
a. Mast cells
b. Vascular endothelium
c. Dendritic cells
d. Platelets
Answer: b. Vascular endothelium
Question 18:
Question: Which blood cell component carries oxygen to tissues?
Options:
a. Platelets
b. White blood cells (WBCs)
c. Red blood cells (RBCs)
d. Granulocytes
Answer: c. Red blood cells (RBCs)
Question 19:
Question: Which type of white blood cells are the most common and include basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils?
Options:
a. Monocytes
b. Lymphocytes
c. Granulocytes
d. Macrophages
Answer: c. Granulocytes
Question 20:
Question: What cells are involved in the innate and acquired immune response and can be found inside the blood vessel (monocytes) and in the tissue (macrophages)?
Options:
a. Mast cells
b. Dendritic cells
c. Red blood cells (RBCs)
d. Platelets
Answer: b. Dendritic cells
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) and Classes:
Question 21:
Question: What do immune cells use to recognize “danger signals” associated with microbial attack, leading to the release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators?
Options:
a. Chemokines
b. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
c. Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
d. Complement receptors
Answer: c. Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
Question 22:
Question: What type of molecules are recognized by some PRRs that are expressed by infectious agents?
Options:
a. Pattern-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
b. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
c. Interleukins
d. Cytokines
Answer: a. Pattern-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
Question 23:
Question: What are the products of cellular damage, associated with infection or cells killed by viruses, recognized by some PRRs?
Options:
a. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
b. Complement receptors
c. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
d. Chemokines
Answer: c. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
Question 24:
Question: What is the primary role of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), a type of PRR?
Options:
a. Recognize cytokines
b. Attract leukocytes to sites of inflammation
c. Recognize Pattern-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
d. Induce phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens
Answer: c. Recognize Pattern-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
Question 25:
Question: Which class of PRRs are primarily found on macrophages and facilitate recognition and phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens and damaged cells?
Options:
a. Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)
b. Scavenger receptors
c. Complement receptors
d. NOD-like receptors (NLRs)
Answer: b. Scavenger receptors
Cellular Products of Inflammation:
Question 26:
Question: What family of small-molecular-weight soluble intercellular-signaling molecules come from cells, bind to specific cell membrane receptors, and regulate innate or adaptive immunity?
Options:
a. Cytokines
b. Chemokines
c. Interleukins
d. Growth factors
Answer: a. Cytokines
Question 27:
Question: What is the primary function of chemokines, which are members of a special family of cytokines?
Options:
a. Induce cell division and differentiation
b. Facilitate recognition and phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens
c. Attract leukocytes to sites of inflammation
d. Regulate adaptive immunity
Answer: c. Attract leukocytes to sites of inflammation
Question 28:
Question: Which family of growth factors induces cell division and differentiation of various cell types, such as immature blood cells, in response to inflammation?
Options:
a. Interleukins
b. Cytokines
c. Chemokines
d. Growth factors
Answer: d. Growth factors
Mast Cell Overview:
Question 29:
Question: Where are mast cells primarily located in the body?
Options:
a. In the blood
b. Near lymph nodes
c. In connective tissues near blood vessels
d. In the liver
Answer: c. In connective tissues near blood vessels
Question 30:
Question: What is the major function of mast cells?
Options:
a. Synthesizing antibodies
b. Initiating blood clotting
c. Regulating blood sugar
d. Cellular activator of the inflammatory response
Answer: d. Cellular activator of the inflammatory response
Question 31:
Question: Which blood cells likely function similarly to tissue mast cells?
Options:
a. Red blood cells (RBCs)
b. Platelets
c. Basophils
d. White blood cells (WBCs)
Answer: c. Basophils
Question 32:
Question: How do mast cells release pre-stored mediators upon stimulation?
Options:
a. Phagocytosis
b. Exocytosis
c. Degranulation
d. Synthesis
Answer: c. Degranulation