Explain cellular death including necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy.

Question 1

Question 1:
Which of the following best describes apoptosis?
a) Rapid loss of plasma membrane structure and swelling of organelles
b) A regulated or programmed cell death process characterized by cellular fragmentation into apoptotic bodies
c) Enzymatic digestion of cellular contents leading to the formation of cysts
d) Death of tissue due to severe hypoxic injury causing skin to become dark brown or black

Answer 1

Answer:
b) A regulated or programmed cell death process characterized by cellular fragmentation into apoptotic bodies

Rationale:
Apoptosis is a controlled and organized cell death process characterized by cellular fragmentation into apoptotic bodies.

Question 2

Question 2:
Which of the following is a characteristic of necrosis?
a) Cellular self-digestion and recycling
b) Loss of plasma membrane integrity
c) Reduced cell size
d) A regulated or programmed process

Answer 2

Answer:
b) Loss of plasma membrane integrity

Rationale:
Necrosis is characterized by a loss of plasma membrane integrity, resulting in the leakage of cellular contents.

Question 3

Question 3:
Which type of necrosis is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necroses?
a) Coagulative necrosis
b) Liquefactive necrosis
c) Caseous necrosis
d) Fatty necrosis

Answer 3

Answer:
c) Caseous necrosis

Rationale:
Caseous necrosis is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necroses, often seen in tuberculous pulmonary infections.

Question 4

Question 4:
Which process is a survival mechanism and involves the delivery of cytoplasmic contents to the lysosome for degradation?
a) Necrosis
b) Apoptosis
c) Autophagy
d) Gangrenous necrosis

Answer 4

Answer:
c) Autophagy

Rationale:
Autophagy is a survival mechanism that involves the delivery of cytoplasmic contents to the lysosome for degradation and recycling.

Question 5

Question 5:
In which scenario does apoptosis play a physiological role?
a) Elimination of unwanted cells
b) Severe cellular injury
c) Accumulation of misfolded proteins
d) Infections causing tissue damage

Answer 5

Answer:
a) Elimination of unwanted cells

Rationale:
Apoptosis plays a physiological role in the elimination of unwanted or excess cells in the body.

Question 6

Question 1:
Which process is characterized by the “dropping off” of cellular fragments known as apoptotic bodies?
a) Necrosis
b) Autophagy
c) Apoptosis
d) Pyknosis

Answer 6

Answer:
c) Apoptosis

Rationale:
Apoptosis is characterized by the “dropping off” of cellular fragments called apoptotic bodies.

Question 7

Question 2:
Which of the following is a common outcome of necrosis?
a) Reduction in cell size
b) Formation of apoptotic bodies
c) Enzymatic digestion of cellular contents
d) Swelling of organelles

Answer 7

Answer:
d) Swelling of organelles

Rationale:
Necrosis is characterized by swelling of organelles among other features mentioned in the provided information.

Question 8

Question 3:
Which type of necrosis results from the ingestion of mercuric chloride?
a) Coagulative necrosis
b) Liquefactive necrosis
c) Caseous necrosis
d) Fatty necrosis

Answer 8

Answer:
a) Coagulative necrosis

Rationale:
Coagulative necrosis commonly results from chemical injury, especially ingestion of substances like mercuric chloride.

Question 9

Question 4:
Which pathway in apoptosis is triggered by the activation of caspases?
a) Mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway
b) Autophagic pathway
c) Necrotic pathway
d) Death receptor (extrinsic) pathway

Answer 9

Answer:
a) Mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway

Rationale:
The activation of caspases is a key event in the mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway of apoptosis.

Question 10

Question 5:
What is the primary physiological role of apoptosis?
a) Causing tissue damage in response to infections
b) Eliminating unwanted or excess cells
c) Promoting inflammation in surrounding tissue
d) Preventing cellular stress

Answer 10

Answer:
b) Eliminating unwanted or excess cells

Rationale:
Apoptosis plays a physiological role in eliminating unwanted or excess cells in the body.

Question 11

Question 6:
Which process is described as a self-destructive mechanism and a survival mechanism involved in recycling cellular contents?
a) Apoptosis
b) Autophagy
c) Necrosis
d) Pyknosis

Answer 11

Answer:
b) Autophagy

Rationale:
Autophagy is described as a self-destructive mechanism and a survival mechanism that involves the recycling of cellular contents.

Question 12

Question 7:
In which condition might excessive apoptosis be observed?
a) Cancer
b) Ischemic injury
c) Neurodegenerative diseases
d) Bacterial infection

Answer 12

Answer:
c) Neurodegenerative diseases

Rationale:
Excessive apoptosis is known to occur in several neurodegenerative diseases, among other conditions.

Question 13

Question 8:
What type of necrosis occurs when neutrophils invade the site, causing liquefactive necrosis?
a) Coagulative necrosis
b) Caseous necrosis
c) Wet gangrene
d) Gas gangrene

Answer 13

Answer:
c) Wet gangrene

Rationale:
Wet gangrene is characterized by liquefactive necrosis and often occurs when neutrophils invade the site.

Question 14

Question 9:
Which cellular event occurs in both necrosis and apoptosis but not in autophagy?
a) Formation of apoptotic bodies
b) Dense clumping of genetic material
c) Formation of autophagosomes
d) Loss of plasma membrane integrity

Answer 14

Answer:
b) Dense clumping of genetic material

Rationale:
Dense clumping of genetic material is a common event in both necrosis and apoptosis but not in autophagy.

Question 15

Question 10:
What is the primary function of autophagy in healthy cells?
a) Promotion of inflammation
b) Removal of damaged organelles
c) Induction of apoptosis
d) Formation of apoptotic bodies

Answer 15

Answer:
b) Removal of damaged organelles

Rationale:
Autophagy’s primary function in healthy cells is the removal of damaged organelles and cellular components.