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CCHM LEC PRELIM > WEEK 4 > Flashcards

WEEK 4 Flashcards

1
Q

two primary considerations in colorimetric analysis

A
  1. Quality of the color
  2. Intensity of the color
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2
Q

4 BASIC DISCIPLINES: ANALYTICAL
CHEMISTRY

A
  • spectrometry
  • luminescence
  • electroanalytic methods
  • chromatography
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3
Q

fluorescence, chemiluminescence, and nephelometry

A

luminescence

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4
Q

gas, liquid, and thin- layer

A

chromatography

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5
Q

spectrophotometry, atomic
absorption, and mass spectrometry

A

spectrometry

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6
Q

electrophoresis, potentiometry, and amperometry

A

electroanalytic methods

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7
Q

The primary analytical utility of spectrophotometry or filter
photometry is the isolation of discreet portions
of the spectrum for purposes of measurement.

A

Photoelectric Colorimetry

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8
Q

two types of photoelectric colorimetry

A
  • Spectrophotometric measurement
  • Photometric measurement
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9
Q

it is measurement of light intensity in a narrower wavelength.

A

Spectrophotometric measurement-

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10
Q

is measurement of light intensity at multiple wavelengths

A

Photometric measurement

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11
Q

MEASUREMENTS OF RADIANT ENERGY

A

+ Emitted
+ Transmitted
+ Absorbed
+ Scattered
+ Reflected

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12
Q

transmitted via electromagnetic waves that
are characterized by their frequency and Wavelength

A

Energy

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13
Q

visible spectrum

A

400-700m -

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14
Q

Ultraviolet region(UV)

A

<400nm -

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15
Q

Infrared region (IR)

A

> 700nm

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16
Q

it is the section of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum that is visible to the human eye

A

The visible light spectrum

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17
Q

the relationship between
wavelength and energy is being described by

A

Planck’s formula

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18
Q

Planck’s formula is

A

E = hv

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19
Q

TYPES OF RADIANT ENERGY

A

+ Cosmic rays
+ Gamma rays
+ X-rays
+ Visible
+ Ultra-violet (UV)
+ Infrared (IR)
+ Radio, TV, microwave, etc

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20
Q

is the number of vibrations of
wave motion per second

A

Frequency

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21
Q

represents the wavelength in nanometers at peak transmittance.

A

Nominal wavelength

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22
Q

A slight error in wavelength adjustments can introduce

A

significant error in absorbance readings.

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23
Q

the wavelength indicated on the control dial is the actual wavelength of light passed by the monochromator.

A

Wavelength accuracy

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24
Q

used to check wavelength accuracy
(wavelength calibration).

A

Didymium or holmium oxide filter -

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25
Q

It involves measurement of the light transmitted by a solution to determine the concentration of the light-absorbing substances in the solution

A

Spectrophotometry

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26
Q

ratio of the radiant energy transmitted, divided by the radiant energy incident on the sample.

A

TRANSMITTANCE

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27
Q

Formula of transmittance

A

%T = It/Iox100

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28
Q

The amount of light absorbed
Proportional to the inverse log of transmittance
Mathematically derived from %T

A

ABSORBANCE

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29
Q

States that the concentration of a substance is directly
proportional to the amount of the light absorbed or
inversely proportional to the logarithm of transmitted
light

A

BEER’S LAW/ BEER-LAMBERT’S-LAW

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30
Q

A=abc

A

A = absorbance
a = molar absorptivity
b = length of light through the solution
c = concentration of absorbing molecules/solution

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31
Q

It is designed to make one measurement at a time at one specified wavelength.

A

Single beam spectrophotometer

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32
Q

Is an Instrument that splits the monochromatic light into two components - one beam passes through the sample, and the other through a reference solution or blank

A

Double-beam spectrophotometer

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33
Q

7 basic components of single or double-
beam configuration spectrophotometer:

A
  1. Stable source of radiant energy
  2. Filter that isolates a specific region of the electromagnetic spectrum
  3. Cuvets
  4. Sample holder
  5. Radiation detector
  6. Signal processor and
  7. Readout device
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34
Q

2 Types of Double-beam
Spectrophotometer

A
  • double-beam in space
  • double-beam in time
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35
Q

with 2 photodetectors, for the sample
beam and reference beam

A

double-beam in space

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36
Q

with one photodetector and alternately
passes the monochromatic light through the sample cuvet and
the reference cuvet using a chopper or rotating sector mirror

A

double-beam in time

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37
Q

emits radiation that changes in
intensity; widely used in the laboratory

A

Continuum source

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38
Q

Parts of the Spectrophotometer:

A
  1. Light/Radiant source
  2. Entrance Slit
  3. Monochromator
  4. Exit Slit
  5. Cuvet
    6, Photodetector
  6. Meter or read-out device
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39
Q

it provides polychromatic light and must generate sufficient
radiant energy or power to measure the analyte of interest.

A

Light/Radiant source

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40
Q

example of Continuum source

A

tungsten, deuterium and xenon lamps

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41
Q

the commonly used light source in the
visible and near infrared region

A

Tungsten light bulbs

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42
Q

produces a continuous source of
radiation, which covers both the UV and the visible range

A

Xenon discharge lamp

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43
Q

routinely used to provide UV radiation in
analytic spectrometers.

A

Deuterium lamp

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44
Q

emits limited radiation and wavelength.

A

Line source

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45
Q

Example of line source

A

mercury and sodium vapor lamps in
- spectrophotometers
- hollow cathode lamp

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46
Q

also used as light sources for spectrophotometry

A

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER)

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47
Q

It minimizes unwanted or stray light and prevents the
entrance of scattered light into the monochromator system

A

Entrance Slit

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48
Q

refers to any wavelengths outside the band
transmitted by the monochromator; it does not originate from
the polychromatic light source; it causes absorbance error.

A

Stray light

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49
Q

most common cause of loss of linearity at
high-analyte concentration.

A

Stray light

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50
Q

Factors for choosing a light source

A
  1. Range
  2. Spectral distribution within the range
  3. The source of radiant production
  4. Stability of the radiant energy and
  5. Temperature
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51
Q

it isolates specific or individual
wavelength of light

A

Monochromator

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52
Q

Alternatives for tungsten bulb

A

+ Mercury arc (visible and UV)
+ Deuterium lamp (165nm) - UV
+ Hydrogen lamp - UV
+ Xenon lamp - UV
+ Merst glower -IR
+ Globar (silicone carbide) - IR

53
Q

Kinds of Monochromators:

A

a. Prisms
b. Diffraction gratings
c. Filters

54
Q

These are wedge-shaped pieces of glass, quartz or sodium chloride. Allowing only the desired wavelength
to pass through an exit slit

A

prism

55
Q

most commonly used; better resolution than prism. these are made by cutting grooves (parallel grooves) or slits
into an aluminized surface of a flat piece of crown glass

A

Diffraction gratings

56
Q

It controls the width of light beam (bandpass) - allows only a
narrow fraction of the spectrum to reach the sample cuvette.

A

exit slit

57
Q

the total range of wavelengths transmitted

A

Bandpass

58
Q

Accurate absorbance measurement requires a bandpass less than _______ the natural bandpass of the spectrophotometer.

A

1/2

59
Q

reflected by the
bandpass, that is, the narrower the bandpass, the greater the
resolution

A

Spectral purity of the spectrophotometer

60
Q

These are simple, least expensive, not precise but useful.

A

filters

61
Q

It holds the solution whose concentration is to be
measured.

A

cuvet

62
Q

Kinds of Cuvets:

A
  • Alumina silica glass
  • Quartz/plastic
  • Borosilicate glass
  • soft glass
63
Q

most commonly used cuvet (can be used
in 350-2000m)

A

Alumina silica glass

64
Q

used for measurement of solution requiring visible and ultraviolet spectra

A

Quartz/plastic

65
Q

solutions that do not etch

A

Borosilicate glass

66
Q

Silica cuvettes transmit light effectively at wavelengths ______.

A

220mm

67
Q

The path length of cuvets is _____

A

1 cm

68
Q

To increase sensitivity, some cuvets are designed to have path lengths of
______, increasing the absorbance for a given solution by a factor of 10.

A

10 cm

69
Q

It detects and converts transmitted light into
photoelectric energy.

A

Photodetector

70
Q

It is the most commonly used detector - measures visible and UV regions. has excellent sensitivity and has a rapid response - detects very low levels of light. It should never be exposed to room light because it will burn out.

A

Photomultiplier tube (PMT)

71
Q

contains cathode and anode enclosed in a glass case. It has a photosensitive material that gives off electron
when light energy strikes it. It requires an external voltage for operation

A

Phototube

72
Q

not as sensitive as PMT but with excellent linearity. It measures light at a multitude of wavelengths - detects less amount of light. It is most useful as a simultaneous multichannel detector.

A

Photodiode

73
Q

It is the simplest detector; least expensive; temperature-sensitive.

A

Barrier layer cell/Photocell/Photovoltaic cell

74
Q

Excitation of electrons from lower to higher energy state.

A

principle of Flame Emission Photometry (FEP)

75
Q

It displays output of the detection system.

A

Meter or read-out device

76
Q

method of Flame Emission Photometry

A

Indirect internal Standard Method

77
Q

breaks up the solution into
finer droplets so that the atom will absorb heat energy from the flame and get excited.

A

ATOMIZER OR BURNER

78
Q

means the blank contains serum but without the reagent to complete the assay.

A

Blanking technique

79
Q

corrects absorbance caused by the color of the reagents - the
absorbance of reagents is automatically subtracted from each of unknown reading.

A

Reagent blank

80
Q

measures absorbance of the sample and reagent in the absence of the
end product, and corrects the measurement for optical interference (like
hemoglobin) absorbing the wavelength of measurement.

A

Sample blank

81
Q

Na filter

A

transmit yellow light (589 nm)

82
Q

K filter

A

transmit violet light (767 nm)

83
Q

Lithium

A

transmit red light (761 nm)

84
Q

referred internal standard; also acts as a radiation buffer

A

Lithium

85
Q

For measuring abundant large particles (proteins) and bacterial
suspensions

A

TURBIDIMETRY

86
Q

It determines the amount of light blocked (reduction of light) by a particulate matter in a turbid solution.

A

principle of turbidimetry

87
Q

Element is not excited by merely dissociated from its chemical bond and place in an unionized, unexcited, ground state

A

principle of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)

88
Q

Light source of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

A

Hollow-cathode lamp

89
Q

for measuring the amount of antigen-antibody complexes (proteins)

A

NEPHELOMETRY

90
Q

it determines the amount of scattered light by a particulate matter suspended in a turbid solution

A

principle of nephelometry

91
Q

The unknown sample is made to react with a
known solution in the presence of an indicator

A

principle of volumetric

92
Q

Is the migration of charged particles in an electric field. it
separates proteins on the basis of their electric charge and densities.

A

ELECTROPHORESIS

93
Q

has a net charge that can be either
positive or negative depending on pH conditions

A

Amphoteric

94
Q

Is the movement of
buffer ions and solvent relative to the fixed support

A

Electroendosmosis/Endosmosis

95
Q

is the migration of small charged ions

A

iontophoresis

96
Q

is the migration of charged
macromolecules

A

Zone electrophoresis

97
Q

very sensitive even to nanogram
quantities of proteins

A

Gold/Silver stain

98
Q

Factors Affecting Rate of Migration:

A
  1. Net electric charge of the molecule
  2. Size and charge of the molecules
  3. Electric field strength
  4. Nature of the supporting medium
  5. Temperature of operation
99
Q

it measures the absorbance of stain - concentration of the dye and protein fraction.

A

Densitometry

100
Q

Supporting Media:

A

a. Cellulose acetate
b. Agarose gel
c. Polyacrylamide Gel

101
Q

separates by electrical charge; it does
not bind protein

A

Agarose gel

102
Q

separates by molecular size

A

Cellulose acetate

103
Q

separates on the basis of charge and molecular size; separates proteins into 20 fractions; used to study isoenzymes

A

Polyacrylamide Gel

104
Q

it is ideal for separating proteins of identical sizes but with
different net charges

A

Isoelectric Focusing

105
Q

In this method, sample molecules are separated by electro-osmotic
flow (EOF).

It utilizes nanoliter quantities of specimens.

A

Capillary Electrophoresis

106
Q

It involves separation of soluble components in a solution by specific differences in physical-chemical characteristics of the different constituents.

A

CHROMATOGRAPHY

107
Q

It is used for fractionation of sugar and amino acid.

Sorbent (stationary phase) - Whatman pap

A

Paper chromatography

108
Q

It is a semiquantitative drug screening test.

A

Thin Layer Chromatography (

109
Q

it is based on the fragmentation and ionization of molecules using a suitable source of energy.

A

Mass Spectroscopy (MS)

110
Q

it is used for separation of steroids, barbiturates, blood, alcohol and
lipids

A

Gas Chromatography (

111
Q

Separation occurs based on differences in absorption at
the solid phase surfaces.

A

Gas Solid Chromatography (

112
Q

Separation occurs by differences in solute partitioning
between the gaseous mobile phase and the liquid stationary
phase

A

Gas Liquid Chromatography (

113
Q

can detect 20 inborn errors of metabolism from a single blood spot.

A

Tandem mass spectroscopy

114
Q

it is based on the distribution of solutes between a
liquid mobile phase and a stationary phase.

A

Liquid Chromatography

115
Q

The mechanism in this type of chromatography is the
exchange of sample ions and mobile-phase ions with the
charged group of the stationary phase.

A

Ion Exchange Chromatography

116
Q

It uses immobilized biochemical ligands as the
stationary phase to separate a few solutes from other unretained solutes.

A

Affinity Chromatography

117
Q

it is based on measuring changes in the colligative properties of solutions
that occur owing to variations in particle concentration

A

principle of OSMOMETRY

118
Q

The measurement of current or voltage
generated by the activity of a specific ion.

A

ELECTROCHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES

119
Q

it is the measurement of the amount of
electricity at a fixed potential.

A

Coulometry

120
Q

The measurement of current after which a
potential is applied to an electrochemical
cell.

A

Voltammetry

121
Q

It is the measurement of the current flow
produced by an oxidation-reaction

A

Amperometry

122
Q

two types of colorimetry method

A
  • visual colorimetry
  • photoelectric colorimetry
123
Q

two types of photoelectric colorimetry

A
  • spectrophotometric measurement
  • photometric measurement
124
Q

absorbance formula

A

A=2-log%T
A = -log%T
= 1/log%T

125
Q

principle of diffraction gratings

A

wavelengths are bent as they pass a sharp corner

126
Q

cuvet also called as

A

absorption cell/analytical cell/sample cell

127
Q

indicates changes in the fuel reading of the instrument

A

Flickering light

128
Q
A

CCHM LEC PRELIM (6 decks)

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