automation Flashcards
Advantages of automation over Manual Procedures:
Rapid results
Increase in the number of tests performed
Saves time and effort
Eliminates the needs for staff (personnel) increase
Economical
Errors in calculations and transcription are reduced
Better precision and accuracy
Disadvantages of automation
There maybe limitations in the methodology that can be used
MT is often discouraged from making observations and using their own judgment
about potential problems.
Many systems are impractical for small number of samples
Expensive to purchase and maintain
performs only one test at
a time
sequential analyzer
performs only one kind of test
but multiple specimen collection
Batch analyzer
performs numerous test but
only for a single specimen
Parallel analyzer
performs test in any order
Random access analyzer
all samples are loaded at the same
time and a single test is conducted on each sample
Batch testing
more than one test is analyzed
concurrently on a given specimen
Parallel testing
any test can be
performed on any sample in any sequence
Random access testing
multiple test analyzed one
after another on a given specimen
Sequential testing
a system other than
manufacturer’s reagent can be used
Open reagent system
operator can only use
manufacturer’s reagent
Closed reagent system
first commercial centrifugal analyzer was introduced
1970
the term used to define reagent stability before use
Shelf life
this occurs when a previous sample to have a higher or lower result. This
occurs in systems that reuse cuvettes that are insufficiently washed after each testing cycle
carry over
the time the analyzer is not in use
Maintenance time
All samples are carried through the same analysis pathway
CONTINUOUS FLOW SYSTEM
parts of CONTINUOUS FLOW SYSTEM
- sampler
- pumps and manifolds
- dialyzer
- heating bath
For continuous and proportional
delivery of samples, reagents or
gases. This is analogous to
pipetting in manual techniques
pumps and manifolds
For heating and incubating
the reaction mixture and
fixed temperature
heating bath
the time that an analyzer is unavailable for testing because a periodic
maintenance or reasons pertaining to troubleshooting
downtime
the ability to measure only the analyte requested.
specificity
the lowest value that can be reliably be detected by a method without providing a false positive result.
sensitivity
the range over which patient results can be reported without manipulating the sample (i.e. using a dilution). The
linear range is generally defined by the values of the highest and lowest calibrations available for a particular instrument.
linearity
a means of providing positive sample identification.
bar code
the ability of the operator to program the instrument to
perform other tasks while the instrument processes the tests
walk away capability
the number of test results that are generated by a laboratory during a
given time period
workload
a list of the analytes or tests that a laboratory would to be able to provide
for patient testing.
test menu
labor maintenance, reagents, calibration, quality control, consumables and
capital
cost
maximum number of samples or tests that can be processed in an
hour; the measure of speed of an analytical system.
throughput
minimum time required to obtain result after the initial sampling of
the specimen
dwell time
only performs requested test
selective
number of tests that can be performed on instrument
test repertoire
refers to automated devices and robots integrated with existing
analyzers to perform all phases of laboratory testing
total laboratory automation
a well-designed automated system
maintains or reproduces the prescribed
conditions with great precision
standardization
This is simply a waiting period in
which the test mixture is allowed time
to react
incubation
example of CENTRIFUGAL
FAST
ANALYZERS
CentrifiChem
* RotoChem
example of THIN-FILM
ANALYZERS
Kodak “EktaChem
A computer controlled, single
channel analyzer
AMERICAN
MONITOR
KDA
Offer double-beam photometers for
automatic blank correction
BECKMAN
DSA and
DSA 564
Results are stored with subsequent
print
-out of collated patient results
AMERICAN
MONITOR
KDA
Use of micro-amounts of serum and
reagents
BECKMAN
DSA and
DSA 564
