Week 4

Question 1

Chemical rxns of CO2 and H2O

Answer 1

atm CO2 -> dissolved CO2

dissolved CO2+ water -> carbonic acid
CO2 + H2O ->H2CO3

carbonic acid -> hydrogen ions OR bicarbonate ions

bicarbonate ions -> hydrogen ions OR carbonate ions

Question 2

Carbonic acid chemical formula?

Answer 2

H2CO3

Question 3

Adding DIC to the oceans, shifts C _____

Answer 3

left

Question 4

Removing DIC, shifts C

Answer 4

right

Question 5

Increasing temperature shifts C

Answer 5

left

Question 6

Decreasing temperature shifts C

Answer 6

right

Question 7

Net flux of gas X equation

Answer 7

Flux of X = K (pXair - pXseaw)

Question 8

IN EACH CASE THE _______ IN TEMPERATURE IS CRITICAL IN DRIVING THE AIR-SEA FUX

Answer 8

change

Question 9

___________ in the oceans is the “extra” CO2 taken up since the industrial revolution, due to human activities increasing CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere

Answer 9

anthropogenic CO2

Question 10

1 Pg C = ? Gt C

Answer 10

1

Question 11

In the deep ocean, the concentrations of ___ and the __________ increase along the deep water flow path.

Answer 11

DIC
macronutrients (nitrate, phosphate, silicate)

Question 12

Increase over time of concentrations in deep waters is due to _______ that is raining down organic matter from the surface ocean, which is then remineralized in deep waters back to nutrients and DIC.

Answer 12

biological pump

Question 13

In the deep ocean, the concentrations of ___ and the __________ increase along the deep water low path, which the concentration of ______ decreases.

Answer 13

DIC
macronutrient (nitrate, phosphate, silicate)
oxygen

Question 14

Increase the rate of global warming: ______ feedback
Slow the rate of increase: _______ feedback

Answer 14

positive
negative

Question 15

Estimated increasing heat content in the upper ocean (0-700m) based on analysis of
temperature profiles measured throughout the oceans over time. The trend represents
a mean warming of upper ocean waters of _____ degrees C.

Answer 15

~0.1

Question 16

The future is the _________. These floats move up and down in the water column measuring temperature and salinity (and increasingly other parameters like
O2 and nitrate), then periodically send data back through a satellite relay system. These are especially useful in remote areas like the Southern Ocean.

Answer 16

autonomous Argo floats

Question 17

The ____________ with climate warming. The high latitude North Atlantic becomes warmer and fresher, reducing NADW formation.

Answer 17

AMOC slows dramatically

Question 18

Ocean transport is expressed as _____________
1 __ = 10^6 m^3/s

Answer 18

Sverdrups (Sv)
Sv

Question 19

Both _____ and _____ slow dramatically with climate warming.

Answer 19

AMOC
SMOC

Question 20

NADW formation is greatly reduced as _____________ collapses.

Answer 20

deep winter mixing

Question 21

Ocean stratification increases steadily to ______, before leveling.

Answer 21

2200

Question 22

Most of the warming, and heat uptake by the oceans, occurs after year ______

Answer 22

2100

Question 23

Huge decrease in ___________ cover in recent decades, with dramatic minima in 2007 and 2012.

Answer 23

summer-season sea ice

Question 24

The upper ocean is ________, trends are measureable.

Answer 24

warming up

Question 25

This ocean warming is leading to ________ as upper ocean waters expand, this will continue for centuries.

Answer 25

sea level rise

Question 26

Salinity in the upper ocean is also showing long term trends in many place with generally ____________ and _____ surface waters at ______________.

Answer 26

fresher waters at high lats
saltier
at low to mid-latitudes

Question 27

Summer season _________ has __________ for decades, only recently declines in Antarctic.

Answer 27

sea ice cover in the Arctic
decreased steadily

Question 28

All the changes are ______________ for what happens at a result of warming of the Earth.

Answer 28

consistent with climate model predictions

Question 29

Anthropogenic CO2 is accumulation in the upper oceans leading to higher pCO2 and lower pH (________________)

Answer 29

ocean acidification

Question 30

___________________ will decline with climate change.

Answer 30

Ocean oxygen concentrations

Question 31

Both _____ and _____ slow dramatically with climate warming.

Answer 31

AMOC
SMOC