Week 4 Flashcards
Chemical rxns of CO2 and H2O
atm CO2 -> dissolved CO2
dissolved CO2+ water -> carbonic acid
CO2 + H2O ->H2CO3
carbonic acid -> hydrogen ions OR bicarbonate ions
bicarbonate ions -> hydrogen ions OR carbonate ions
Carbonic acid chemical formula?
H2CO3
Adding DIC to the oceans, shifts C _____
left
Removing DIC, shifts C
right
Increasing temperature shifts C
left
Decreasing temperature shifts C
right
Net flux of gas X equation
Flux of X = K (pXair - pXseaw)
IN EACH CASE THE _______ IN TEMPERATURE IS CRITICAL IN DRIVING THE AIR-SEA FUX
change
___________ in the oceans is the “extra” CO2 taken up since the industrial revolution, due to human activities increasing CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere
anthropogenic CO2
1 Pg C = ? Gt C
1
In the deep ocean, the concentrations of ___ and the __________ increase along the deep water flow path.
DIC
macronutrients (nitrate, phosphate, silicate)
Increase over time of concentrations in deep waters is due to _______ that is raining down organic matter from the surface ocean, which is then remineralized in deep waters back to nutrients and DIC.
biological pump
In the deep ocean, the concentrations of ___ and the __________ increase along the deep water low path, which the concentration of ______ decreases.
DIC
macronutrient (nitrate, phosphate, silicate)
oxygen
Increase the rate of global warming: ______ feedback
Slow the rate of increase: _______ feedback
positive
negative
Estimated increasing heat content in the upper ocean (0-700m) based on analysis of
temperature profiles measured throughout the oceans over time. The trend represents
a mean warming of upper ocean waters of _____ degrees C.
~0.1
The future is the _________. These floats move up and down in the water column measuring temperature and salinity (and increasingly other parameters like
O2 and nitrate), then periodically send data back through a satellite relay system. These are especially useful in remote areas like the Southern Ocean.
autonomous Argo floats
The ____________ with climate warming. The high latitude North Atlantic becomes warmer and fresher, reducing NADW formation.
AMOC slows dramatically
Ocean transport is expressed as _____________
1 __ = 10^6 m^3/s
Sverdrups (Sv)
Sv
Both _____ and _____ slow dramatically with climate warming.
AMOC
SMOC
NADW formation is greatly reduced as _____________ collapses.
deep winter mixing
Ocean stratification increases steadily to ______, before leveling.
2200
Most of the warming, and heat uptake by the oceans, occurs after year ______
2100
Huge decrease in ___________ cover in recent decades, with dramatic minima in 2007 and 2012.
summer-season sea ice
The upper ocean is ________, trends are measureable.
warming up
This ocean warming is leading to ________ as upper ocean waters expand, this will continue for centuries.
sea level rise
Salinity in the upper ocean is also showing long term trends in many place with generally ____________ and _____ surface waters at ______________.
fresher waters at high lats
saltier
at low to mid-latitudes
Summer season _________ has __________ for decades, only recently declines in Antarctic.
sea ice cover in the Arctic
decreased steadily
All the changes are ______________ for what happens at a result of warming of the Earth.
consistent with climate model predictions
Anthropogenic CO2 is accumulation in the upper oceans leading to higher pCO2 and lower pH (________________)
ocean acidification
___________________ will decline with climate change.
Ocean oxygen concentrations
Both _____ and _____ slow dramatically with climate warming.
AMOC
SMOC
