Week 2 Flashcards
The ____ moves organic matter from surface waters into the ocean interior.
biological pump
the _____ of nutrients is ______ to the degree of _______.
upward flux
inversely related
stratification
stratifications refers to
how rapidly density is increasing with depth
rapid increase with depth
weak or strong stratification?
strong or weak vertical mixing?
strongly stratified
weak vertical mixing
slow increase with depth
weak or strong stratification?
strong or weak vertical mixing?
weakly stratified
more vertical mixing
density decreasing with depth
strong or weak vertical mixing?
very strong vertical mixing (convection)
Increasing stratification will _____ the upward flux of nutrients
reduce
decreasing stratification will enhance the ______ flux of nutrients.
upward mixing
Global warming will _____ stratification globally, _____ nutrient inputs.
increase
reducing
______ chlorophyll concentrations are in the _____ stratified regions
lowest
most
_______ chlorophyll in regions where the circulation bring more ______
highest
nutrients to the surface
ekman layer
thin layer at surface (~<50m) that is directly moved around by winds over the oceans
geostrophic currents
extend to several hundred meters depth and indirectly driven by the winds, through Ekman transport and the resulting sea surface slope
thermohaline circulation
from below the upper ocean currents to sea floor, water movements are driven by small differences in density
coriolis force
apparent force deflects moving air/water masses
coriolis force deflects to the ___ in the northern hemisphere
right
coriolis force deflects to the _____ in the southern hemisphere
left
easterly winds blow from the ___ towards the ____
east
west
Ekman transport of surface waters sets up _____________ that drive geostrophic currents
horizontal pressure gradients
At mid-latitudes surface convergence drives ________,around a raised sea surface at the center.
subtropical gyres
At higher latitudes in the northern hemisphere surface divergence leads to ______, around a depressed sea surface.
subpolar gyres
Major upwelling zones
antarctic divergence
equatorial upwelling
coastal upwelling
In the Southern Ocean __________ are brought to the surface at the Antarctic Divergence.
deep ocean waters
Persistently westerly winds leads to _____________ of surface waters. This leads to a sea surface that slopes ______ from North to South.
northern Ekman transport
downwards
The horizontal pressure gradient due to this sea surface slope leads to an eastward flowing, geostrophic current around Antarctica, the _________.
Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC)
South of the ACC there is a great ____________ at the _________ , in the divergence zone between the westerlies at mid-latitudes and the easterly winds near Antarctica.
upwelling of deep waters
Antarctic Divergence
Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) is a mix of ____ and _____.
NADW
AABW
____ chlorophyll concentrations are in the ______ regions.
lowest
most stratified
______ chlorophyll in regions where the circulations brings more ________.
highest
nutrients to the surface
This Ekman transport generates sea surface slopes that lead to _____________, where there is a _______ between the
horizontal pressure gradient and the Coriolis force
geostrophic currents
balance
what are the 3 major upwelling zones?
-Antarctic Divergence
-Equatorial Upwelling
-Coastal Upwelling
In the _________, relatively salty waters brought north by the Gulf Stream are cooled during winter, leading to deep convective mixing and the formation of NADW, strong winter winds drive cooling and some local evaporation that further increases salinity contributing to this process.
high latitude North Atlantic
In the ________, mostly in the Weddell Sea, the salinity of very cold surface waters increases due to brine rejection during the formation of sea ice. These cold, saline waters sink to from AABW. The density of AABW is > NADW. The two water masses mix to form Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) within the ACC.
Southern Ocean near Antarctica
AAIW
Antarctic Intermediate Water
Most of the intermediate depth ocean is filled with ________. ___________ leads to the formation of Mediterranean Water and the Red Sea-Persian Gulf Intermediate Water.
Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW)
High salinity
In the deep ocean, the concentrations of ___ and the ______________ increase along the deep water flow path.
DIC
macronutrients (nitrate, phosphate, silicate)
Lowest concentrations are seen in the “youngest” water beneath the areas of deep water formation, particularly in NADW. Highest concentrations are seen in the “oldest” water farthest from the source regions in the North Pacific and Northern Indian.The increase over time is due to the ______________ that is raining
down organic matter from the surface ocean, which is then remineralized in deep waters back to nutrients and DIC.
biological pump
Total ___________________ vertical profiles in the North Atlantic (36N, 68W) and in the Pacific (28N,122W). DIC is depleted in surface waters by the biological pump in both.
dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)
