Week 3 Flashcards
AMOC
Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
SMOC
Southern Meridional Overturning Circulation
The main path for deep ocean waters to return to the surface is through upwelling at the ________________.
Antarctic Divergence
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) links _______, _________, and ________ basins.
Atlantic
Pacific
Indian
Upwelling at the ____________ brings deep-ocean, nutrient rich waters to the surface.
Antarctic Divergence (AD)
The formation of _____________ and ______________ brings some of these upwelled nutrients to low latitudes at intermediate depths.
Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW)
Subantarctic Mode Water (SMW)
Formation of _____________ along the coast, produces the densest water in the oceans, which sinks to seafloor and spreads northwards along the bottom.
Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW)
____________ is formed as NADW and AABW mix in the Southern Ocean.
Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW)
The western boundary currents of the _______ all carry warm waters poleward, while the eastern boundary currents move cooler waters towards equator.
subtropical gyres
Lots of ____________ along the poleward boundary of the subtropical gyres.
heat is release to the atmosphere
Semi-regular ____________, with the large changes to in the Pacific, but weaker impacts worldwide.
perturbation of the ocean-atmosphere system
During strong El Nino Souther Oscillation or ENSO events
weakening trades wings, weakens equatorial upwelling
coastal upwelling in CA, Ecuador, and Peru greatly reduced
Collapse of fisheries off CA, Peru, and Ecuador
_______ measure sea surface height (distance from satellite to ocean) with cm scale accuracy.
Satellite altimeters
The _____ is ice covered most of the year, with only partial melt back during summer months.
Arctic Ocean
The _______ (at lower latitudes than the Arctic) has a much bigger seasonal swing in sea ice cover.
Southern Ocean
Summer sea ice cover in the Arctic has been declining rapidly due to global warming. ___________ predict continuing decline.
Earth System Models (ESMs)
Addition of anthropogenic CO2 is adding H+ ions, lowering ocean pH.
This is referred to as _____________.
ocean acidification
The equilibrium constants Ki, for each of these reactions change with changes in _____, ________, and _________.
temperature
pressure
salinity
Only the ______ influences the air-sea exchange of CO2.
dCO2
Because CO2 gas combines chemically with water, the oceans have a great capacity to ___________, relatively much more so than for other gases such as Oxygen or Nitrogen.
absorb CO2
The ____ and __________ gas in seawater are a function of ________, ______, __________, __________, and ___________.
pCO2
solubility of CO2
temperature*
[DIC]*
salinity
alkalinity
pressure
* means strongest influences
Solubility is also influenced by ______ and _________.
alkalinity
salinity
________ is a measure of the number of H+ ions required to neutralize the solutions (or of the solutions capacity to remove H+).
Alkalinity
equation of the net flux of a gas (X) across the air-sea interface
Flux of X = K (pXair - pXseaw)
The _________ (or ___________), _ , is often estimated as a function the Schmidt number and wind speed at a reference height (typically 10m)
Piston Velocity
transfer velocity
K
_______________ is the time it takes to reach equilibration given a transfer velocity and initial gas concentrations in the air and water.
Equilibration Time
The equilibration time for most gases (___ and ____) is relatively short, a couple of _______.
O2
N2
weeks
The timescale for _____ is much longer (~______), because CO2 reacts chemically with the seawater
CO2
1 year
IN EACH CASE THE ________ IN TEMPERATURE IS
CRITICAL IN DRIVING THE AIR-SEA FLUX.
CHANGE
