Week 3

Question 1

AMOC

Answer 1

Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation

Question 2

SMOC

Answer 2

Southern Meridional Overturning Circulation

Question 3

The main path for deep ocean waters to return to the surface is through upwelling at the ________________.

Answer 3

Antarctic Divergence

Question 4

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) links _______, _________, and ________ basins.

Answer 4

Atlantic
Pacific
Indian

Question 5

Upwelling at the ____________ brings deep-ocean, nutrient rich waters to the surface.

Answer 5

Antarctic Divergence (AD)

Question 6

The formation of _____________ and ______________ brings some of these upwelled nutrients to low latitudes at intermediate depths.

Answer 6

Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW)
Subantarctic Mode Water (SMW)

Question 7

Formation of _____________ along the coast, produces the densest water in the oceans, which sinks to seafloor and spreads northwards along the bottom.

Answer 7

Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW)

Question 8

____________ is formed as NADW and AABW mix in the Southern Ocean.

Answer 8

Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW)

Question 9

The western boundary currents of the _______ all carry warm waters poleward, while the eastern boundary currents move cooler waters towards equator.

Answer 9

subtropical gyres

Question 10

Lots of ____________ along the poleward boundary of the subtropical gyres.

Answer 10

heat is release to the atmosphere

Question 11

Semi-regular ____________, with the large changes to in the Pacific, but weaker impacts worldwide.

Answer 11

perturbation of the ocean-atmosphere system

Question 12

During strong El Nino Souther Oscillation or ENSO events

Answer 12

weakening trades wings, weakens equatorial upwelling
coastal upwelling in CA, Ecuador, and Peru greatly reduced
Collapse of fisheries off CA, Peru, and Ecuador

Question 13

_______ measure sea surface height (distance from satellite to ocean) with cm scale accuracy.

Answer 13

Satellite altimeters

Question 14

The _____ is ice covered most of the year, with only partial melt back during summer months.

Answer 14

Arctic Ocean

Question 15

The _______ (at lower latitudes than the Arctic) has a much bigger seasonal swing in sea ice cover.

Answer 15

Southern Ocean

Question 16

Summer sea ice cover in the Arctic has been declining rapidly due to global warming. ___________ predict continuing decline.

Answer 16

Earth System Models (ESMs)

Question 17

Addition of anthropogenic CO2 is adding H+ ions, lowering ocean pH.
This is referred to as _____________.

Answer 17

ocean acidification

Question 18

The equilibrium constants Ki, for each of these reactions change with changes in _____, ________, and _________.

Answer 18

temperature
pressure
salinity

Question 19

Only the ______ influences the air-sea exchange of CO2.

Answer 19

dCO2

Question 20

Because CO2 gas combines chemically with water, the oceans have a great capacity to ___________, relatively much more so than for other gases such as Oxygen or Nitrogen.

Answer 20

absorb CO2

Question 21

The ____ and __________ gas in seawater are a function of ________, ______, __________, __________, and ___________.

Answer 21

pCO2
solubility of CO2
temperature*
[DIC]*
salinity
alkalinity
pressure
* means strongest influences

Question 22

Solubility is also influenced by ______ and _________.

Answer 22

alkalinity
salinity

Question 23

________ is a measure of the number of H+ ions required to neutralize the solutions (or of the solutions capacity to remove H+).

Answer 23

Alkalinity

Question 24

equation of the net flux of a gas (X) across the air-sea interface

Answer 24

Flux of X = K (pXair - pXseaw)

Question 25

The _________ (or ___________), _ , is often estimated as a function the Schmidt number and wind speed at a reference height (typically 10m)

Answer 25

Piston Velocity
transfer velocity
K

Question 26

_______________ is the time it takes to reach equilibration given a transfer velocity and initial gas concentrations in the air and water.

Answer 26

Equilibration Time

Question 27

The equilibration time for most gases (___ and ____) is relatively short, a couple of _______.

Answer 27

O2
N2
weeks

Question 28

The timescale for _____ is much longer (~______), because CO2 reacts chemically with the seawater

Answer 28

CO2
1 year

Question 29

IN EACH CASE THE ________ IN TEMPERATURE IS
CRITICAL IN DRIVING THE AIR-SEA FLUX.

Answer 29

CHANGE