Week 4 Flashcards
What is salmonella?
- Bacterial
- Symptoms - Food poisoning, fever, stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea.
- The symptoms are caused by toxins that the bacteria produces
- Eating food that hasn’t been cooked properly with the bacteria inside or eating food that has been prepared in unhygienic condition.
- Meet are given vaccinations against salmonella.
What is gonorrhoea?
- Bacterial
- Treated using penicillin however strains of the bacteria have become resistant to it
- Can be treated by using antibiotics.
How can you reduce or prevent the spread of diseases?
- Be hygienic
- Destroying vectors
- Isolating infected individuals
- Vaccination
What are the non-specific defences?
- Skin - acts as a physical barrier and secretes antimicrobial substances
- Hairs and mucus - in the nose trap pathogens
- Trachea and bronchi - secrete mucus to trap pathogens. The trachea and bronchi are lined with cilia which move the mucus to the back of the throat where it is swallowed
- Stomach - The stomach produces hydrochloric acid that kills pathogens.
What is the immune systems attack against pathogens?
Consuming them?
- Consuming them - white blood cells engulf pathogens and digest them, this is called phagocytosis
What is the immune systems attack against pathogens?
Producing Antibodies?
1) Pathogens have unique molecules on their surface called antigens
2) When a lymphocyte finds an antigen that it doesn’t recognise, it will produce proteins called antibodies. The antibodies produced are specific to that type of antigens (they won’t lock onto other antigens).
3) Antibodies are then produced rapidly and carried around the body to kill the pathogen
4) If the person is infected with the same antigen, then the lymphocytes know which antigen to produce so that person is naturally immune.
What is the immune systems attack against pathogens?
Producing antitoxins.
These counteract toxins produced by the invading bacteria.
