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Stage 2 Biology > Week 3a: Energy Transformations > Flashcards

Week 3a: Energy Transformations Flashcards

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1
Q

What is energy? (5)

A
  • The ability to do work
  • Has no mass
  • Cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed
  • Can have different forms
  • All life requires a continued input of energy to maintain cell processes
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2
Q

Types of organic molecules: (4)

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, nucleic acids - needed by organisms to carry out daily processes.

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3
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

An organism that produces its own energy rich compounds from inorganic materials.

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4
Q

What is a photosynthetic autotroph?

A

Use energy from sunlight to carry out photosynthesis to produce a chemical store of energy.

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5
Q

What is chemosynthetic autotroph?

A

Oxidise chemicals to obtain a chemical store of energy.

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6
Q

Heterotrophs need to consume other organisms to obtain their supply of inorganic materials. Why?

A

They are unable to manufacture these from raw inorganic materials.

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7
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The conversion of light energy to chemical energy.

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8
Q

How is glucose formed during photosynthesis?

A

The energy from sunlight is used to create bonds between atoms.

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9
Q

Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis: (4)

A
  • Wavelength of light (colour)
  • Temperature
  • CO2
  • Light intensity
  • Water availability
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10
Q

Cellular activities which require energy: (4)

A
  • Growth
  • Movement
  • Repair
  • Reproduction
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11
Q

What is meant by GROWTH (cellular activity)?

A

The uptake of essential requirements and synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and the division of growth of cells.

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12
Q

What is meant by MOVEMENT (cellular activity)?

A

Requires contraction of muscle cells; requires energy.

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13
Q

What is meant by REPAIR (cellular activity)?

A

EG: Red blood cells need to be continually made in humans, tissue which have been damaged need to be repaired and skin cells are continually replaced.

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14
Q

What is meant by REPRODUCTION (cellular activity)?

A

Production of gametes, courting rituals and nurturing requires energy. Also flower production and storage of food requires energy.

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15
Q

ATP stands for:

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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16
Q

Aerobic Respiration (equation)

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy

17
Q

Aerobic respiration is the most efficient way of producing energy. Why?

A
  • Many small steps
  • Steps are regulated by enzymes
  • Reaction rate can therefore be controlled easily
18
Q

Energy comes from:

A

The breakdown of energy rich compound glucose

19
Q

Energy which is not lost as heat is used to:

A

Make ATP

20
Q

A maximum of ___ molecules can be produced.

A

36 ATP molecules

21
Q

Anaerobic Respiration is also known as:

A

Fermentation

22
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The process of respiration in the absence of oxygen

23
Q

Glucose is used but not completely broken down. What does this mean?

A

It releases less ATP molecules than aerobic respiration (only 2 ATP molecules are produced)

24
Q

Which organelle is not involved in anaerobic respiration?

A

Mitochondria

25
Q

Is oxygen consumed in anaerobic respiration?

A

No.

26
Q

Fermentation in plant and yeast cells produce what and with what reaction?

A
  • Produce ethanol and carbon dioxide (this is alcohol fermentation)
    glucose—> ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy
27
Q

Fermentation in animal cells produce what and with what reaction?

A
  • Produce lactic acid (this is called lactic acid fermentation)
    glucose –> lactic acid + energy
28
Q

Site of aerobic respiration in eukaryotes:

A

Cytoplasm and mitochondria

29
Q

ATP per glucose (aerobic respiration)

A

36

30
Q

Site of fermentation in eukaryotes:

A

Cytoplasm

31
Q

ATP per glucose (fermentation)

A

2

Stage 2 Biology (11 decks)

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