Week 30 Flashcards
What are the key nutrients essential during pregnancy?
- Folic acid
- Vitamin D
- Iodine
- Iron
- Weight gain
How many women between 16-44 were reported being pregnant in the last 5 years?
One in three women
What percentage of pregnancy was planned?
54% planned pregnancy
What percentage of pregnancy was ambivalent?
32% ambivalent
What percentage of pregnancy was unplanned
14% unplanned
Whats Preconception Care?
The care a woman receivesbeforeshe becomes pregnant is sometimes called preconception care, or pre-pregnancy advice or counselling.
“Preventative approach through which biomedical, behavioural and psychosocial risk factors are identified before pregnancy or very early in pregnancy in order to optimise maternal and neonatal health outcomes”
What causes infertility?
Abnormal body weight, abnormal exercise level, poor nutrition, endometriosis, anovulation, cervical and vaginal problems, pelvic inflammatory disease.
What are the early signs of pregnancy?
Amenorrhea, abdominal bloating, tender breasts, bigger breasts, increased urinary frequency and urgency, nausea and appetite changes, tiredness.
Whats transcultural care theory?
Developed by nurse theorist Madeline Leininger in the early 1970s. Nurses have knowledge about a range of different cultures and can respond therapeutically to their client’s needs. Exists in a multicultural context that defines culture as a race and ethnicity.
What is the crisis theory in nursing care?
During the period of disequilibrium early in the crisis situation, people are more willing to accept health advice and are more open to change. This theory has commonly been used as a theoretical framework for midwifery and nursing interventions.
What is separation individuation theory in nursing care?
The process by which the infant separates psychologically from the mother to become an autonomous individual. The theory was first developed by Mahler (1975) who spoke of the process of the psychological birth of the human infant.
What is the stress and coping theory in nursing care?
Stress can impact the family on three levels-
- Intrapsychic stress (individual)
- Interpersonal stress (stress between individual family members)
- Systematic stress (combination of all the stresses within and between family members)
What is the bonding theory in nursing care?
Suggests that human infant attachment develops over the first 6 months in phases. Also includes the concept of a sensitive period or imprinting lasting a few minutes of hours after birth.
Why is it important to have good nutrition During Pregnancy
Optimising a woman’s nutritional status, fitness and weight before, during and between pregnancies (including while breastfeeding) has immediate and long-term benefits for the health of both the woman and her child/children.
How much weight should a woman expect/ should gain in their pregnancy?
10-12 kgs
Why are pregnant teenagers particularly in risk of nutritional issues?
Because teenagers are growing through rapid growth and development themselves
What should pregnant people avoid?
Alcohol, cold-cooked meats, raw eggs, cream or custard, soft serve ice cream, processed meats, raw milk, raw- smoked- or precooked fish/ seafood, soft unpasteurised cheeses.
What people are at risk of developing vit d deficiency in pregnancy
Women who avoid sun exposure (religious, medical), women who live in the south island in winter, women with darker skin, women with liver or kidney disease
What foods are rich in vit d?
Portobello mushrooms, beef liver, eggs
What are Teratogens?
Teratogensare agents that increase the incidence ofcongenital abnormalities
What are examples of teratogens
- Some prescribed medications
- Substance abuse,
- Environmental factors,
- Infective agents (e.g. rubella)
- Maternal disease, such as poorly controlled diabetes mellitus
When in the first trimester?
13 weeks
When is the second trimester?
14-26 weeks
When is the third trimester?
27- 40 weeks (birth)
What are two dangerous drugs that can affect pregnancy?
Warfarin and methotrexate
What are symptoms of FASD?
Brain damage, growth restrictions, learning disability, low birth weight, physical disability, preterm birth, behavioural disability
What are common symptoms in the first trimester
Urinary frequency, morning sickness, nasal stuffiness, constipation
What are common symptoms in the second trimester
hemorrhoids, bleeding gums, faintness
What are common symptoms in the third trimester
Shortness of breath, lower back ache, varicose veins, heartburn, oedema
Why do women get morning sickness in the first trimester?
The elevated pregnancy hormone, displacement of the GI tract, and changes in blood volume, temperature and heart rate.
Why do women get bleeding gums in the second trimester?
Hormonal changes causing the pregnant women to be more susceptible to gingivitis.
Why do women get lower back ache in the third trimester?
Ligaments of the lower back and pelvis soften and stretch to accommodate for the growing baby
What information is commonly used to calculate the gestational age?
First day of her last menstrual period
What is the risk with Rhesus incompatibility?
The Rh antibodies can cross the placenta and cause hemolytic anemia in the second birth if the mother and baby have different Rh factors.
The RH antibodies formed after birth can cross the placenta and attack the baby’s red blood cells. This can lead to hemolytic anemia, and without enough oxygen, this can be fatal to the baby.
When do you feel the first fetal movements
Between weeks 16–25 of the pregnancy.
When are ultrasounds done?
These can be done at any time but are routinely performed at12 weeks, and18–22 weeks.
What do the 12 week ultrasound check
nuchal translucencyandbiparietal diameter
Why are the nuchal translucencyandbiparietal diameterchecked at the 12 week ultra sound?
All babies have some fluid, but Down’s syndrome babies have a larger amount. A nuchal translucency (NT) scan can be done between 11–13 weeks and is a non-invasive test to assess the risk of Down’s syndrome
BPD can also detect certain fetal abnormalities, such as hydrocephalus. Importantly, the growth of the head, height and girth of the baby are assessed together to ensure the fetus is developing normally
When is the pre-embryonic period?
conception to 2 weeks
When is the embryonic period?
3- 8 weeks
What are some in-utero infections?
(when the membranes that surround the baby in the womb are infected)
Toxoplasma
Syphilis
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes
Why are taking iron and folic acid important in pregnancy?
To reduce the risk of low birth weight, maternal anaemia and iron deficiency
Why is cannabis use bad in pregnancy?
Crosses the placenta
Pregnancy risks include higher risk preterm labour and premature rupture of membranes, placenta previa, increased hospital stay.
Neonatal risks of low birth weight, preterm birth, neonatal intensive care admission
Long term effect of in-utero exposure to marijuana - childhood hyperactivity, difficulty with attention, learning, memory and behaviour
THC passes through breastmilk
What are the roles of nurses during preconception and pregnancy?
Nurses encounter clients seeking preconception services and pregnancy in a variety of settings including – family planning, sexual health, primary care settings and acute care settings
Evaluating risks, providing education and monitoring
Knowing what is normal and how to refer
What health habits are important to discuss during the antenatal period and why?
Having good nutrition, getting regular prenatal care, and not drinking alcohol
How would you talk to a pregnant person about these health habits to create a person-centred approach to their care?
- Understanding the woman’s context
- Cultural safety in antenatal care
- Providing information and support so that women can make decision
- Documenting discussions and decisions
- Involving the woman’s family
Why is folic acid important in pregnancy?
When the baby is developing early during pregnancy, folic acid helps form the neural tube. Folic acid is very important because it can help prevent some major birth defects of the baby’s brain (anencephaly) and spine (spina bifida).
Why is vitamin D important for pregnancy?
It helps us to absorb the right amount of calcium and phosphate. It is especially important in pregnancy as it helps your baby’s bones, teeth, kidneys, heart and nervous system to develop.
Why is iodine important for pregnancy?
Iodine helps the body to grow and develop, especially the brain.
Why is weight gain important for pregnancy?
Gaining too little weight can cause problems such as premature birth and a baby with a low birth weight (less than 2.5kg or 5.5lb at birth).
How do you form a person-centred approach with pregnant people?
Consider the person’s personhood - What they hold dear and what threatens their wellbeing.
Whats the antenatal period
The antenatal period covers the time from conception until birth.
