Week 3 Vocab Flashcards
1
Q
Placenta
A
Extra-embryonic, fetal membranes, fluid-filled, only useful in gestation
2
Q
Hypoblast
A
Endoderm
3
Q
Epiblast
A
Embryonic ectoderm
4
Q
Trophoblast
A
Extra-embryonic ectoderm/trophectoderm
5
Q
Trilaminar omphalopleure
A
Blastocoele now called yolk sac, mesoderm splits
6
Q
Somatopleure
A
Combo of external layers, trophectoderm + somatic mesoderm
7
Q
Splanchnopleure
A
Combo of internal layers, wall of the yolk sac, endoderm + splanchnic mesoderm
8
Q
Extraembryonic coelum/exocoelum
A
Resulting cavity (space) between somatic and splanchnic mesoderm
9
Q
Amniotic pustules
A
White spots in ruminants –> glycogen accumulations
10
Q
Chorion
A
Rest of somatopleure, outermost membrane surrounding an embryo of a reptile, bird, or mammal
11
Q
Chorio-vitelline ‘placenta’
A
Yolk sac temporarily fuses with chorion, lasts for a variable length of time in different species
12
Q
Allantois
A
Diverticulum of hindgut, expands into exta-embryonic coelum and eventually fits it, fuses with chorion, fluid-filled –> bigger through pregnancy –> contains waste materials
13
Q
Chorio-allantoic placenta
A
Allantois fuses with chorion, final placenta, exchange of nutrients etc with endometrium through umbilical cord
14
Q
Diffuse placenta
A
Over majority of chorion, mare & sow
15
Q
Cotyledonary
A
Arranged in focal areas, ruminant
16
Q
Zonary
A
In a central band, carnivore
17
Q
Discoid
A
Disc-shaped, human & monkey
18
Q
Epithelio-chorial placenta
A
Fetal chorion in contact with endometrial epithelium, least invasive, nondeciduate
19
Q
Non-deciduate placenta
A
Placenta expelled with no loss of maternal tissues- placenta comes of cleanly from uterus
20
Q
Endothelio-chorial placenta
A
Carnivore, fetal chorion invades maternal tissue, allows transfer of large molecules
21
Q
Deciduate placenta
A
Have some loss of maternal tissue when shed, more invasive but more efficient, allows transfer of large molecules and immunoglobulins
22
Q
Haemochorial placenta
A
Humans & monkeys, most invasive and most efficient, fetal tissues invades maternal tissues and erodes endothelium (fetal chorion directly in contact with maternal circulating blood
23
Q
Umbilical veins
A
Carry OXYGEN and nutrients from chorioallantois to fetus
24
Q
Umbilical arteries
A
Carry fetal waste products (DEOXYGENATED) from fetus to chorioallantois and back to maternal circulation
25
Allantoic duct
Continuous with bladder, drains from fetus into allantoic cavity
26
Apposition
Contact between trophoblast and endometrium, embryonic vesicles mobile
27
Adhesion/fixation
Interdigitation between microvilli on endometrium & trophoblast/chorion, blastocyst no longer easily flushed from uterine lumen (embryo stops moving)
28
Attachment
Varies with invasiveness of placenta, attaches firmly to endometrium but mare is more superficial
29
Implantation
Human only, burrowing in endometrial tissues, central/superficial in domestic species
30
Synchorial fusion
Fusion of paraplacental areas of adjacent fetuses, any species with multiple pregnancies, not just the sow
31
Embryonic vesicle
Blastocyst that remains spherical in the mare with a protective capsule
32
Microcotyledons
Mare, microscopic microvillous tufts present only during pregnancy, not endometrial cups
33
Hippomanes
Allantoic calculus, accumulation of waste products that mineralise in allantoic fluid
34
Caruncles
Cow, located on endometrium (mushroom shaped)
35
Cotyledons
Calf, chorionic villi, develop opposite to caruncles
36
Placentome
Interdigitation of fetal cotyledon and maternal caruncle, chorionic villi invades crypts in caruncle, begins to develop day 30
37
Transuterine migration
Twins in different horns, support 1+ pregnancy- embryos migrate through horns and distribute to have space
38
Abdominal ballotment
Feel fetus through abdominal wall
39
Marginal haematomas
Areas of maternal blood vessel destruction, develop along periphery of zonary band
40
Uteroverdin
Blood breakdown products, dog green, cat brown
41
Placental labyrinth
Interface between embryo and dam where there is invasion of tissue
42
Colt
Young entire male < 4yo
43
Urospermia
Urine in semen
44
Haemospermia
Blood in semen
45
Gel fraction
one fraction of ejaculate, Removed by filtration and discarded, filtration removes other debris
46
Gel-free fraction
one fraction of ejaculate, Contains majority of sperm, assessed and usually mixed with semen extender
47
Myiosis
Fly strike
48
Closed castration
Vaginal tunic not opened, requires general, any age
49
Open castration
Not stallions, general or standing, open via inguinal ring to peritoneal cavity, easier but more risk
50
Rig
Lay term for cryptorchid or horse that behaves like stallion with no visible testicles
51
False rig
Both testicles removed but behaves like stallion
52
ZP3 protein
crucial glycoprotein in the zona pellucida
53
Acrosome reaction
Outer sperm head membrane dissolves
54
ZP2 receptors
ZP2 is a glycoprotein located in the zona pellucida, a protective layer surrounding the oocyte, and functions as a secondary sperm receptor
55
Male pronucleus
nucleus of a sperm cell after it has entered an egg cell and undergone decondensation
56
Zygote
Fertilized egg
57
Cortical granule reaction
Hardening of zona pellicuda
58
Polyspermy block
No more sperm can fuse to egg
59
Female pronucleus
nucleus of a female egg cell after it has become a haploid cell during meiosis
60
Blastomere
cell produced during the early cleavage divisions of a fertilized egg, forming the pre-embryo, totipotent
61
Morula
16 blastomeres, enter uterine horn, 3-3.5d after fertilization in ruminants
62
Blastocyst
64 blastomeres, horse enters uterine horn
63
Compaction
process where an early embryo's cells, typically during the morula stage, become tightly packed together, forming a more organized structure with increased cell adhesion
64
Totipotency
single cell that can give rise to a new organism, given appropriate maternal support
65
Blastocoele
Fluid-filled cavity of a blastula
66
Embryonic disc
Flattened, two-layered (bilaminar) structure that develops from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst in early mammalian development
67
Embryonic vesicle
Horse conceptus stays spherical
68
Maternal recognition of pregnancy
process by which the embryo signals its presence to the mother, preventing the breakdown of the corpus luteum and ensuring a supportive environment for continued gestation
69
Passive luteolysis
Natural regression of CL when pregnancy does not occur
70
Carnegie stages
system used to classify human embryo development based on external and internal morphological changes
71
Extra-embryonic endoderm
Hypoblast under the trophectoderm cells
72
Primitive streak
Proliferation of epiblast cells
73
Mesoderm
Third germ layer, between epiblast and hypoblast
74
Extra-embryonic mesoderm
Mesoderm cells move under the trophectoderm in cells in the yolk sac
75
Hensen's node
Responsible for formation of notocord and mesoderm of the head
76
Notocord
Compact rod of mesoderm that pushes longitudinally cranially forward
77
Proximal mesoderm
Mesoderm coalesces into a segmentally arranged, paired block on either side of the notocord/neural tube complex
78
Somites
bilaterally paired blocks of mesoderm that form along the anterior-posterior axis
79
Dermatome
Subcutis differentiation of somites
80
Mytome
Muscle and ligament differentiation of somites
81
Sclerotome
Vertebra and rib differentiation of somites
82
Intermediate mesoderm
Becomes urogenital system, forms lateral to somites and borders intra-embryonic coelomic space
83
Lateral mesoderm
Splits into somatic (top) layer and splanchnic (bottom) layer, fluid accumulation between two layers
84
Septum transversum
divides pleural and peritoneal cavities, essential for continued development with will become diaphragm
85
Somatopleure
Ectoderm + somatic lateral mesoderm, closes over the body cavities forming the body wall
86
Neural tube
Above notochord, embryonic structure that develops into the brain and spinal cord, forming the central nervous system
87
Brown adipose tissue
Responsible for nonshivering thermogenesis
88
Aeration
Air enters lungs
89
Surfactant
substance such as a detergent that, when added to a liquid, reduces its surface tension, thereby increasing its spreading and wetting properties
90
Ductus venosus
shunt that allows oxygenated blood in the umbilical vein to bypass the liver
91
Foramen ovale
normal, temporary opening between the two upper chambers (atria) of a fetal heart
92
Ductus arteriosus
blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta in a developing fetus, allowing blood to bypass the lungs
93
Patent ductus arteriosus
congenital heart defect where the ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel that connects the aorta and pulmonary artery during fetal development, fails to close after birth
94
Ventricular septal defect
congenital heart defect where there is a hole in the wall (septum) that separates the two lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart
95
Ferguson reflex
Neuroendocrine reflex, vag and cervical stretching leads to oxytocin release from posterior pituitary cause uterine and cervical smooth muscle contractions
96
N. pudendus reflex
Vag stretching leads to strong abdominal contractions via direct spinal reflex
97
Puerperium
Post natal period
98
Lactotrope
cell in the anterior pituitary gland that produces and secretes prolactin
99
Somatotrope
cell in the anterior pituitary gland that produces and releases growth hormone (GH)
100
Chorionic girdle
specialized component of the equine placenta, forming between days 25 and 35 after ovulation at the junction of the allantois and yolk sac
101
Endometrial cups
white, raised plaques that form in the uterine lining during pregnancy, specifically between days 35 and 38 of gestation. These cups are formed by invading chorionic girdle cells
102
Relaxin
Hormone secreted only in canine and feline placenta that can help differentiate pseudopregnancy from pregnancy,
103
Oestrone sulfate
hormone that increases from 5-6 week pregnancy and is high particularly in 2nd term of equine gestation
104
Antigenic drift
gradual, small changes that occur in the surface proteins (antigens) of influenza viruses over time
105
Antigenic shift
sudden and significant change in the surface antigens of a virus, particularly influenza, resulting in a new virus subtype
106
Neutralization
ability of antibodies to block the entry of pathogens, like viruses, or toxins into cells, thereby preventing infection or harm
107
Subunit vaccine
Vaccine that consists of just antigenic viral components
108
NK cell
Natural killer cells are a pop of lymphocytes comprising up to 15% of peripheral blood lymphocytes in humans, main role is the destruction of tumour cells and virus-infected cells
109
Enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE)
Most common cause of sheep abortions, last 3 weeks of pregnancy, affects next pregnancy more than current pregnancy, human abortifacient
110
Chlamydia abortus
Gram neg ZN pos intracellular bac that causes enzootic abortion of ewes
111
Toxoplasma gondii
Protozoan parasite that causes abortion of lambs in sheep, outcome depends on stage of pregnancy, human abortifacient
112
Bacillus lichemiformis
Gram pos spore forming bac that causes abortions in beef cattle, last trimester, widespread in environment especially silage and water, not zoonotic
113
Neospora caninum
Protozoan parasite that causes abortion in dairy cattle, outcome depends on stage of pregnancy, similar life cycle to toxo, dog feces and vertical transmission, not zoonotic
114
Brucella abortus
Bac that causes abortions in cattle/bison, last trimester, contact with birth membranes, can last in environment for months, very significant zoonotic potential
115
Abortifacients
Substance that induces abortions
