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Module 5 > Week 1 Vocab > Flashcards

Week 1 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Corpus cavernosum

A

one of the two types of erectile tissue that make up the penis, forms core of the crura and forms bulk of spongy vascular tissue within body and root of penis

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2
Q

Corpus spongiosum

A

one of the two types of erectile tissue that make up the penis, largely a thin sleeve around urethra, enlargement of this tissue forms the bulb and glans of penis, more spongy and delicate than c. cavernosum

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3
Q

Os penis

A

formed from distal end of corpus cavernosum, ventral groove contains and protects urethra

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4
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

Connective tissue casing of corpus cavernosum

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5
Q

Glans

A

the cap-shaped expansion of the corpus spongiosum at the end of
the penis

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6
Q

Bulbus glandis

A

The proximal part of the glans that swells during erection and mating (responsible for the tie during canine copulation) and is firmly attached to os penis as it runs through the glans

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7
Q

Pars longa glandis

A

Distal part of glans which is more elongated responsible for initial penetration and and helps maintian rigidity during erection. Slightly less firmly attached to underlying os penis and has urethra orifice at tip

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8
Q

Preputial layers

A

Invagination of abdominal skin that covers and protects penis when not erect. Has two layers: lamina externa and interna

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9
Q

Lamina externa

A

One of the preputial layers, continuous with skin

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10
Q

Lamina interna

A

One of the preputial layers, lines preputial cavity, continuous with covering of free end of penis, hairless

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11
Q

Prepuce

A

invagination of skin that covers the free portion of the penis in the nonerect state

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12
Q

Phimosis

A

Inability to extrude the penis, occurs in congenital narrowing of preputial orifice

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13
Q

Paraphimosis

A

Inability to retract erect penis, can impair circulation

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14
Q

Bulbospongiosus

A

Single skeletal muscle that pumps blood into cavernous spaces during erection

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15
Q

Ischiocavernosi

A

Paired and powerful skeletal muscles that pump blood into cavernous spaces during erection

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16
Q

Ischiourethralis

A

Very small single skeletal muscles that occludes dorsal vein during erection

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17
Q

Retractor penis

A

paired smooth muscles that draws penis caudally

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18
Q

‘Tie’

A

Dog dismounts and faces away from bitch, waiting for erection to disappear, bulbous glandis remains swollen

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19
Q

Dartos

A

Smooth muscle/contractile tissue under the skin of the scrotum, forms internal septum

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20
Q

Vaginal tunic

A

Outpouching of the parietal peritoneum through the inguinal canal encloses the spermatic cord, testis, and epididymis, space between layers

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21
Q

Inguinal canal

A

Oblique passage in the ventral abdominal wall, through which
passes the spermatic cord,

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22
Q

Superficial inguinal ring

A

Contained in division of aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique, close to attachment of linea alba to pubis

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23
Q

Deep inguinal ring

A

borders consist of the free edge of internal abdominal oblique, rectus abdominus, and aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique

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24
Q

Cytogenetics

A

Study of chromosomes and chromosomal abnormalities

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25
Autosomes
Determine somatic characteristics
26
Sex chromosomes
Role in sex determination (allosomes)
27
Acrocentric
Centromere is off center allowing p arm to be shorter and q arm to be longer
28
Metacentric
Centromere is central, p and q arms are the same length
29
Telocentric
The centromere is up by telomeres, one arm
30
Chromosomal painting
Using fluorescent probes to help identify specific chromosomes
31
Aneupoloidy
Presence or absence of 1+ chromosomes
32
Euploidy
46 XY- normal
33
Trisomy X
47 XXX
34
Monosomy X
45 XO
35
Trisomy 21
47 XX +21 Down syndrome
36
Trisomy 18
47 XX+18
37
Nondisjunction
Failure of chromosomes to separate properly
38
Mosaic
Animals with 2+ cells derived from single zygote- failure to separate
39
Chimeras
Animals with 2+ cells lines derived from 2 zygotes- mules, hinnys, free martinism
40
Free martin cattle
Male and female twin embryos have placental anastomosis, so blood supply is shared, cells, protein, hormones, female is xx/xy chimerism
41
Brachygnathia
death in utero
42
SRY
Responsible for male sex determination in mammals
43
Genetically balanced
All genetic info retained but in different order
44
Genetically unbalanced
Some genetic info missing or present in multiple copies
44
Robertsonian translocation
Centromere of two acrocentric chromosomes fuse together to give one large metacentric chromosome, rare but most common in cows
45
Hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis
Intercommunicating set of neural and endocrine tissues that function as a highly integrated unit in fertility regulation.
46
Inhibin
alpha-beta heterodimer produced in the ovary (CL)
47
Follistatin
Modulates activin bioactivity by acting as a specific high-affinity binding protein
48
Watery mouth (rattle belly)
Caused by ingestion of pathogenic E.coli, most common in multiple lambs, control by good hygiene
49
Entropion
Lower eyelid turns in and rubs on eye, treat by skin clips, manual correction, antibiotics
50
Mendelian genetics
Study of inherited single gene disorders (due to mutations in specific genes)
51
Germline mutations
After fertilization, every cell of the gamete formed from an egg/sperm with a mutation will carry the mutation, offspring of the formed adult will also carry the mutation in every cell
52
Somatic cell mutations
Mutation arises in one cell and is passed on only to daughter cells, cell may die or give rise to tumor
53
X-chromosome inactivation (lyonisation)
Equalizes amount of protein produced by x-linked genes in 2 sexes
54
Barr body
Darkly stained heterochromatin, how inactivated chromosomes can be detected
55
Pseudochromosomal regions
Small regions of x chromosome contains genes also present on y chromosome
56
Horizontal pattern
Appears in one generation and not parents
57
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) in horses
Frameshift deletion of 5 nucleotides in DNA dependent kinase, inactivated function of manufacturing B&T lymphocytes so lack of immunity
58
Pyruvate kinase deficiency in dogs
Mutation leads to shorter lifespan of RBC leading to severe hemolytic anaemia, symptoms appear when young and usually die before 4 yo
59
Genetic heterogenicity
Phenomenon where a single disease or trait can be caused by mutations in different genes or different mutations within the same gene
60
Macroglossia
Enlarged tongue
61
Hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis (HYPP) in horses
Mutation in Na channel on muscle cells causing uncontrolled Na influx and muscle twitching/weakness, occurs ever 1in50 quarter horses, can be traced back to IMPRESSIVE
62
Polycystic kidney disease in cats
C>A mutation in PKD1 gene resulting in a stop mutations which results in loss of part of the protein, can cause death due to kidney failure
63
Anechoic
Fluid- black
64
Echogenic
Soft tissue- grey
65
Hilus of ovary
Attachment sit for supporting structures, entry of blood vessels to vascular area
66
Vascular zone of ovary
Usually central
67
Parenchymal zone of ovary
Usually peripheral, ova and hormone production, ova released through surface of ovary --> ovulation
68
Ovulation fossa
Mare, central depression of ovary, location of ovulation not through vascular zone
69
Menarche
Puberty
70
Corpus haemorrhagicum
Forms in space vacated by follicle
71
Corpus luteum
the transient endocrine gland that develops from a Graafian follicle after ovulation and is required to support pregnancy in mammals
72
Ovulation papilla
area of gap left from when CL ruptures
73
Infundibulum of uterine tubes
Funnel shaped, fimbriae catch ovum at ovulation
74
Ambulla of uterine tubes
Short proximal section, site of fertilization
75
Isthmus of uterine tubes
Fallopian tubes, opens into uterine horn at utero-tubal junction
76
Intercornual ligaments
paired ligaments that connect the cornua (horns) of the sacrum and coccyx, bridging the gap between unfused sacral and coccygeal horns
77
Caruncles
Located on surface of endometrium of ruminants, attachment site for foetal membranes, maternal side
78
Placentomes
interdigitated fetal cotyledonary and maternal caruncular microvilli
79
Cotyledons
foetal side of placenta
80
Cervical canal
Longitudincal and annular folds in mucosa
81
Internal os
Openeing into uterus
82
External os
Opening into vag, appears like a rosette
83
Vestibule
Urethral orifice to vulva, short, shared between repro and urinary system
84
Suburethral diverticulum
Blind ending pocket in cow, be careful placing catheter
85
Clitoral fossa
in vestibule contains clit
86
Vulval cleft
Vertical external opening
87
Broad ligament
Suspends tract from body wall, L&R sheets of fibrous tissue
88
Mesovarium
Supports ovary
89
Mesoalpinx
Supports uterine tube, fold of mesovarium, forms ovarian bursa
90
Mesometrium
Supports uterus and cervix
91
Ovarian artery
Direct from aorta, has ovarian and uterine branch
92
Uterine artery
Branch of internal of external iliac artery, supplies uterus, anastomoses with uterine branch of ovarian artery
93
Vaginal artery
Branch of internal or external iliac artery, supplies caudal tract
94
Counter-current mechanism
Ovarian artery and uterine vein very convoluted, extensive contact between vessels, prostaglandin transfer
95
Suspensory ligament
Attaches ovary to body wall near last rib, not in mare or cow
96
Proper ligament
Between ovary and uterine horn
97
Round ligament
Embryological remnant, fold of mesometrium, runs from tip of uterine horn and passes through inguinal canal
98
Pyometra
Distended pus filled uterus
99
Oestrus
Standing heat
100
Primordial follicle pool
Resting follicles present from birth in our domestic animals, oocytes arrested in prophase 1 of meiosis
101
Recruitment
Activation to grow, following recruitment follicles grow or undergo atresia
102
Atresia
All follicles eventually die
103
2 cell theory
Both cell layers responding to LH (TC) and FSH (GC) are involved in oestradiol synthesis
104
Spontaneous ovulators
Domestic animals except cats, rapid increase in oestradiol includes GnRH surge/peak
105
Induced ovulators
cats, neuroendocrine reflex triggered by mating induces GnRH surge
106
Cumulus expansion
highly coordinated process that facilitates the release of the oocyte into the abdominal cavity, capture of the oocyte by the oviductal fimbria, and fertilization
107
Corpus rubrum
First, Can see a little haematoma/haemorhage, then CL
108
Luteotrophic hormones
LH and prolactin
109
Quantitative traits
Phenotypes differ in quantity rather than type
110
Polygenic
Many genes involved
111
Continuous traits
Continuous gradation from one pheno to the next
112
Dominance gene action
homo dom will have same pheno value as hetero
113
Dominance interactions
Interaction between alleles at a single locus under dominance gene action
114
Epistasis gene action
When different expression of one gene is affected by another gene
115
Threshold traits
Only a few phenotypic classes but their inheritance is determined by multiple genes and environment
116
Heritability
Portion of phenotypic variation (Vp) due to genotypic variation (Vg) Broadsense H2=Vg/Vp Narrow sense H2=Va/Vp
117
Physometra
Distention of the uterine cavity with air or gas.
118
Coslick's surgery
Surgical procedure in mares that involves suturing the upper part of the vulva to improve vulvar conformation and seal, preventing air and debris from entering the reproductive tract
119
Foal heat
First estrus 7-9 days post foaling, decreased fertility

Module 5 (3 decks)

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