Week 3 - Tissue

Question 1

Epithelium structure

Answer 1

Epithelial cells

Glands

Question 2

Epithelium function

Answer 2

Physical protection
- Dehydration
- Chemicals
Control permeability
- Semi permeable (selective)
- Impermeable
Sensory stimuli
- Sensory nerve supply including neuroepithelia
Secretions
- Glands (mucous, fluid)
- Protection
- Messaging

Question 3

Epithelium anatomy

Answer 3

• Apical surface
• Basolateral surface
• Cilia
• Microvilli - Increase surface area
• Firmly attach to one another

Question 4

Classification of epithelia

Answer 4

Shape
- Squamous
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
Number of cell layers
- Simple
- Stratified

Question 5

Squamos epithelia

Answer 5

• Delicate and smooth
• Regions of absorption or diffusion
• Examples include lungs, blood vessels
  Stratified squamous:
• Layers of cells
• Regions of mechanical stress
• Examples include mouth (non-keratinized) and skin (keratinized)

Question 6

Cuboidal epithelia

Answer 6

Simple cuboidal
- Minimal protection
- Examples include kidney tubules
Stratified cuboidal
- Rare
- Examples include lining ducts of mammary glands
Transitional epithelium
- Subject to stretch and recoil
- Examples include lining of urinary bladder

Question 7

Columnar epithelia

Answer 7

Simple columnar
- Regions of secretion and absorption	- Examples include stomach
Pseudostratified columnar
- Several different cell types
- Single layer of cells
- Examples include respiratory tract, male reproductive system
Stratified columnar 
- Rare
- Protection
- Examples include anus and urethra

Question 8

Glandular epithelia

Answer 8

Glands
- Groups of epithelial cells that produce secretions
Endocrine glands
- Release secretion to extracellular fluid (ductless)
- Part of epithelia or separate organ
- Examples include hormones
Exocrine glands
- Release secretion on to epithelial surface (ducts)
- Examples include sweat glands in skin
Serous, mucous, mixed

Question 9

Connective tissue

Answer 9

• Connects epithelial cells to body

- Blood, fat and bone

Question 10

Connective tissue properties

Answer 10

• Specialised cells
• Extracellular protein fibres and ground substance
• Matrix

Question 11

Role of connective tissue

Answer 11

• Structural framework
• Transporting fluids and dissolved materials
• Protecting organs
• Support, surrounding and connection of tissues
• Store of energy reserves (ie; lipids)
• Defending body against microbial invasion

Question 12

Types of connective tissue

Answer 12

Connective tissue proper
Supportive connective tissue
Fluid connective tissue

Question 13

Connective tissue proper

Answer 13

• Matrix and several cell types
• Loose connective tissue
• Dense connective tissue

Question 14

Loose connective tissue

Answer 14

Adipose tissue - this is a loose connective tissue that consists of fat cells with little extracellular matrix
Reticular tissue - this is a loos connective tissue made up of a network of reticular fibres that provides a supportive network for soft organs

Question 15

Dense connective tissue

Answer 15

Dense regular connective tissue - consists of collagenous fibres packed into parallel bundles
Dense irregular connective tissue - consists of collagenous fibres interwoven into a mesh like network

Question 16

Fluid connective tissue

Answer 16

Blood

Lymph

Question 17

Blood

Answer 17

• Plasma matrix

- Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

Question 18

Lymph

Answer 18

• Lymph fluid

- Lymphocytes

Question 19

Supportive connective tissue

Answer 19

Cartilage
Bone
Osteocytes

Question 20

Cartilage

Answer 20

Gel matrix (including chondrotin sulfate)
Chondrocytes (found in lacunae)

Question 21

Type of cartilage

Answer 21

Hyaline (most common, tough, flexible)
Elastic (elastic fibres, very flexible - ear, larynx)
Fibrocartilage (collagen fibres, very tough)

Question 22

Bone

Answer 22

Matrix of calcium salts and collagen fibres, little ground substance

Question 23

Osteocytes

Answer 23

Nutrients and communication via canaliculi

Question 24

Membrane types

Answer 24

Mucous
Serous
Synovial

Question 25

Mucous

Answer 25

Lines passageways, lubricates, protects and aids in absorption or secretion

Question 26

Serous

Answer 26

- Thin, around organs, attach to body - Pericardium, pleura, peritoneum (also major cavities within the body) - 2 surfaces (parietal and visceral)

Question 27

Synovial

Answer 27

- Joints | - Synovial membrane produces synovial fluid

Question 28

Types of muscle tissue

Answer 28

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth muscle

Question 29

Skeletal muscle

Answer 29

Histology - long cylindrical fibre, striated, many peripherally located nuclei Function - voluntary movement, produces heat, protects organs Location - attached to bones and around entrance points around to the body

Question 30

Cardiac muscle

Answer 30

Histology - short, branched, striated, single central nucleus Function - contracts to pump blood Location - heart

Question 31

Smooth muscle

Answer 31

Histology - short, spindle heaped, no evident striation, single nucleus in each fibre Function - involuntary movement, moves food, involuntary control of respiration, moves secretions, regulates flow of blood in arteries by contraction Location - walls of major organs and passageways

Question 32

Neural tissue

Answer 32

Neurons | Neuroglia

Question 33

Neurons

Answer 33

- Cell body - Axon (transmits info to other cells) - Dendrites (receive information from other neurons)

Question 34

Neuroglia

Answer 34

- Support cells | - Protection and nutrient cells