Week 1 - Introduction to Anatomy + Physiology Flashcards
Anatomy definition
Is the branch of science concerned with the structure
Physiology definition
Is the branch of biology that deals with the normal function
Organisation levels within the body
Atomic/chemical level Cellular level Tissue level Organ Organ system Organism
Organ systems
Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Endocrine Nervous Cardiovascular Lymphatic Digestive Reproductive system Urinary Respiratory
Integumentary system
Structure - Skin, hair, sweat glands, nails Function - Protect against environmental - Regulation of body temp - Provides sensory information
Skeletal system
Structure - bones, cartilage, ligaments, bone marrow Function - support and protection - stores calcium and other minerals - formation of blood cells
Muscular system
Structure - skeletal, muscles, tendons Function - Movement - Protection and support for other tissues - Generates heat - Helps maintain body temp
Endocrine system
Structure - pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, gonads Function - secretes hormones - regulates bodily processes - adjusts metabolic activity - controls changes during development
Nervous system
Structure - brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs
Function
- detects and processes sensory information
- coordinates activities of other organs
- activates bodily responses
Cardiovascular system
Structure - heart, blood, blood vessels
Function
- distributes nutrients and removes wastes
- distributes heat and assists body temp control
Lymphatic system
Structure - spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils
Function
- returns fluid to blood
- defends against pathogens
Digestive system
Structure - teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas Function - processes food for use by the body - removes wastes from undigested food - absorbs nutrients - stores energy reserves
Male reproductive system
Structure - gonads
Function
- produces sex hormones and gametes
- delivers gametes to females
Female reproductive system
Structure - gonads (ovaries), reproductive tracts, mammary glands Function - produce sex cells - produce hormones - support developing embryo - provide milk for newborn
Urinary system
Structure - kidneys, ureters, urinary tract, bladder, urethra
Function
- controls water balance in the body
- removes wastes from blood and excretes them
- regulates blood ion concentration and pH
Respiratory system
Structure - nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli Function - delivers air to alveoli - removes carbon dioxide - produces sound
Anatomical terms
Anterior - front of body
Posterior - back of body
Proximal - closer to the transverse plane
Distal - further away from the transverse plain
Superior - top of the body
Inferior - bottom of the body
Medial - closer to internal midpoint
Lateral - further away from internal midpoint
Planes of the body
Transverse plane - cuts horizontally
Sagittal plane - separates the body into left and right
Frontal (coronal) plane - separates anterior and posterior parts of the body
Homeostasis definition
Refers to a stable internal environment
What processes are controlled by homeostasis?
Body temp Body fluid composition (nutrient concentration, oxygen, carbon dioxide levels) Body fluid volume Waste product concentration Blood pressure
Homeostatic regulation
- physiological systems work together to preserve a stable internal environment
- constant adjustment
Homeostasis and disease
- most disturbances are resolved
- severe infection, injury, stress or genetic abnormality can overwhelm homeostatic mechanisms
- this can result in malfunction of organ systems and illness/disease
2 general mechanisms of homeostatic regulations
Autoregulation
Extrinsic regulation
Autoregulation
Local level
Change occurs automatically within the cell, tissue, organ or system
