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HBS109 > Week 1 - Introduction to Anatomy + Physiology > Flashcards

Week 1 - Introduction to Anatomy + Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy definition

A

Is the branch of science concerned with the structure

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2
Q

Physiology definition

A

Is the branch of biology that deals with the normal function

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3
Q

Organisation levels within the body

A 
Atomic/chemical level
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ
Organ system
Organism
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4
Q

Organ systems

A 
Integumentary 
Skeletal 
Muscular 
Endocrine
Nervous
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Digestive
Reproductive system
Urinary 
Respiratory
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5
Q

Integumentary system

A 
Structure - Skin, hair, sweat glands, nails
Function
- Protect against environmental 
- Regulation of body temp
- Provides sensory information
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6
Q

Skeletal system

A 
Structure - bones, cartilage, ligaments, bone marrow
Function
- support and protection
- stores calcium and other minerals
- formation of blood cells
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7
Q

Muscular system

A 
Structure - skeletal, muscles, tendons
Function 
- Movement
- Protection and support for other tissues
- Generates heat
- Helps maintain body temp
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8
Q

Endocrine system

A 
Structure - pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, gonads
Function
- secretes hormones
- regulates bodily processes
- adjusts metabolic activity
- controls changes during development
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9
Q

Nervous system

A

Structure - brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs
Function
- detects and processes sensory information
- coordinates activities of other organs
- activates bodily responses

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10
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Structure - heart, blood, blood vessels
Function
- distributes nutrients and removes wastes
- distributes heat and assists body temp control

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11
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Structure - spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils
Function
- returns fluid to blood
- defends against pathogens

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12
Q

Digestive system

A 
Structure - teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Function 
- processes food for use by the body
- removes wastes from undigested food
- absorbs nutrients
- stores energy reserves
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13
Q

Male reproductive system

A

Structure - gonads
Function
- produces sex hormones and gametes
- delivers gametes to females

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14
Q

Female reproductive system

A 
Structure - gonads (ovaries), reproductive tracts, mammary glands
Function
- produce sex cells
- produce hormones
- support developing embryo
- provide milk for newborn
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15
Q

Urinary system

A

Structure - kidneys, ureters, urinary tract, bladder, urethra
Function
- controls water balance in the body
- removes wastes from blood and excretes them
- regulates blood ion concentration and pH

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16
Q

Respiratory system

A 
Structure - nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
Function
- delivers air to alveoli
- removes carbon dioxide
- produces sound
17
Q

Anatomical terms

A

Anterior - front of body
Posterior - back of body
Proximal - closer to the transverse plane
Distal - further away from the transverse plain
Superior - top of the body
Inferior - bottom of the body
Medial - closer to internal midpoint
Lateral - further away from internal midpoint

18
Q

Planes of the body

A

Transverse plane - cuts horizontally
Sagittal plane - separates the body into left and right
Frontal (coronal) plane - separates anterior and posterior parts of the body

19
Q

Homeostasis definition

A

Refers to a stable internal environment

20
Q

What processes are controlled by homeostasis?

A 
Body temp
Body fluid composition (nutrient concentration, oxygen, carbon dioxide levels)
Body fluid volume
Waste product concentration
Blood pressure
21
Q

Homeostatic regulation

A
  • physiological systems work together to preserve a stable internal environment
  • constant adjustment
22
Q

Homeostasis and disease

A
  • most disturbances are resolved
  • severe infection, injury, stress or genetic abnormality can overwhelm homeostatic mechanisms
  • this can result in malfunction of organ systems and illness/disease
23
Q

2 general mechanisms of homeostatic regulations

A

Autoregulation

Extrinsic regulation

24
Q

Autoregulation

A

Local level

Change occurs automatically within the cell, tissue, organ or system

25
Q

Extrinsic level

A

Systemic level

Change involves nervous system and or endocrine system

26
Q

Homeostatic regulatory mechanism

A
  1. Receptor - sensitive to particular environment
  2. Control centre - receives and processes information and sends commands
  3. Effector - responds to commands from the control centre
27
Q

Receptor examples

A

Thermoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors

28
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Located in the dermis of the skin, skeletal muscle, liver and hypothalamus
Temp sensitive

29
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Sensitive to compression, stretching and twisting

Tactile, baroreceptors, proprioceptors

30
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Sensitive to changes in chemical concentration

Important for monitoring pH of the body

31
Q

Control centre

A

Nervous system sends fast, specific, short term neural impulses
Endocrine system sends longer lasting signals via hormones

32
Q

Effectors

A 
Integumentary
Muscle
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
33
Q

Positive feedback loop examples

A

Labour

Blood clotting

34
Q

Negative feedback loop examples

A

Body temp

Fluid volume

35
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Vessels dilate, sweating increases

Vessels constrict, sweating decreases

36
Q

Heat loss mechanisms

A
  • Activate vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels, increases radiation and therefore increases convective heat loss
  • Increase sweat gland secretion, increases evaporative heat loss
  • Increase rate and depth of respiration, increases evaporative heat loss
37
Q

Heat gain mechanisms

A
  • Vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
  • Counter current heat exchange systems
  • Convective and radiation losses are minimised
38
Q

Shivering thermogenesis

A
  • Increases muscle tone, cause shivering

- Involuntary muscular activity that augments metabolic heat production

39
Q

Non shivering thermogenesis

A
  • The release of hormones to increase metabolic activity
  • Adrenaline (increases metabolic activity in liver and skeletal muscle via promoting glycogen breakdown
  • Thyroid hormone (increased basal metabolic rate)

HBS109 (4 decks)

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