week 3: sleep

Question 1

what are the most important ideas of sleep?

Answer 1

• sleep is natural
• necessary
• intended to be restorative
• involves a shift in physiological and neurological activity and is intended to be restorative

Question 2

which 2 internal biological mechanisms regulate wakefulness and sleep?

Answer 2

• sleep/wake cycle homeostasis
• circadian rhythms

Question 3

describe the sleep-wake homeostasis/homeostatic sleep drive

Answer 3

• need or pressure to sleep
• the longer one stays awake, the stronger the pressure is to sleep

Question 4

what does the suprachiasmatic nucleus do?
where is it located?

Answer 4

it regulates circadian rhythms
located in the nucleus

Question 5

define circadian rhythms?

Answer 5

physical, mental, and behavioural changes that follow a 24-hour cycle

Question 6

what is the strongest cue for circadian rhythms

Answer 6

the dark/light cycle of the sun

Question 7

which neurotransmitters maintain wakefulness?

Answer 7

serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline. histamine, orexin, acetylcholine

Question 8

which neurotransmitters promote sleep?

Answer 8

Adenosine, GABA, melatonin

Question 9

which part of the brain regulates wakefulness and sleep-wake transitions?

Answer 9

The Reticular activating system

Question 10

what are the two main sleep stages?

Answer 10

REM and NREM

Question 11

how long does a full sleep cycle usually take?

Answer 11

90-110 minutes

Question 12

how many sleep cycles do people usually cycle through per night?

Answer 12

four to six cycles per night

Question 13

what can we use to measure electrical activity in the brain while we sleep?

Answer 13

an EEG

Question 14

how many stages does NREM have?

Answer 14

stage 1, 2, 3

Question 15

which type of waves are in the awake vs. drowsy stage of sleep?

Answer 15

awake: beta waves
asleep: alpha waves

Question 16

which type of waves are in the N1 stage of sleep?

Answer 16

Theta waves

Question 17

which sleep stage do hypnotic jerks and hypnogogic hallucinations occur?

Answer 17

the N1 stage

Question 18

which stage of sleep of you see sleep spindles and K complexes?

Answer 18

N2 stage

Question 19

which stage of seep of you see delta waves?

Answer 19

N3 stage

Question 20

which stage of sleep does growth hormone get released?

Answer 20

N3

Question 21

which stage of sleep has muscle paralysis, paradox sleep, memory and learning?

Answer 21

REM

Question 22

what is a micro sleep?

Answer 22

brief moments of sleep that occur when you’re actually awake

Question 23

how much sleep do healthy adults need?

Answer 23

7-9 hours

Question 24

define sleep state fragmentation in children vs. adults

Answer 24

children tend to sleep more soundly and deeply
sleep of older adults is more fragmented and lighter

Question 25

what are some health issues that can occur from insufficient sleep?

Answer 25

Chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and obesity

Question 26

what is the difference between a primary sleep disorder and a secondary sleep disorder

Answer 26

primary: an actual health condition secondary: disorders that occur due to other situations and correcting that situation would resolve the problem

Question 27

what are the three circadian rhythm sleep disorders?

Answer 27

jet lag/shift work sleep disruptions, advanced sleep phase disorder, delayed sleep phase disorder

Question 28

what causes obesity hypoventilation syndrome?

Answer 28

additional weight while lying on back restricts breathing

Question 29

what's the difference between central and obstructive sleep apnea

Answer 29

central: neurological obstructive: something physically happens to obstruct your airway

Question 30

how do you treat restless leg syndrome and periodic limb movements during sleep? (no pharmaceutical)

Answer 30

moderate daytime exercise, iron and calcium

Question 31

what are some pharmaceutical issues that could treat restless leg syndrome?

Answer 31

dopaminergic agents, anticonvulsants, benzos, opioids

Question 32

what could cause restless leg syndrome?

Answer 32

low iron, genetics, or other health conditions

Question 33

what are some risk factors for insomnia

Answer 33

- advancing age - family history or insomnia - sex - lifestyle and sleep habits - stress - medical and psychiatric disorders

Question 34

what causes narcolepsy?

Answer 34

a chronic neurological disorder caused by a deficiency of neuropeptide (hypocretin) this results in the brains inability to properly regulate sleep-wake cycles

Question 35

what is somnambulism

Answer 35

sleep walking

Question 36

what is enuresis

Answer 36

bet wetting

Question 37

true or false: sleep terrors are a dream and out can get woken up from them

Answer 37

false

Question 38

what's the difference between sleepy and tired?

Answer 38

sleepy: how likely you are to fall asleep tired: heavy, fatigue, more physical

Question 39

what is the highest score you can get on the epworth sleepiness scale?

Answer 39

24

Question 40

why does alcohol actually disturb sleep?

Answer 40

it promotes onset but causes early awakening and sleep disturbances