Week 1 and 2

Question 1

define development

Answer 1

a series of physical, phychosocial and cognitive developmental stages

Question 2

define plasticity

Answer 2

as we are aging, our brain is adapting to experience and environment

Question 3

which domain would a central auditory processing disorder affect?

Answer 3

Communication

Question 4

how is development relevant to nursing care?

Answer 4

nurses need to understand and assess different aspects of an individuals development to individualise the care they provide

Question 5

what is a screening test?

Answer 5

a test conducted in the absence of specific signs or symptoms
-used to assess aspects of development to detect potential delays or abnormalities

Question 6

What does the Denver developmental screening test assess for?

Answer 6

It assesses gross and fine motor and language, personal social skills and milestones

Question 7

What does the social-emotional assessment in children test assess for?

Answer 7

autism in toddlers

Question 8

What does the HEADSS assessment of adolescent risk look for?

Answer 8

Home, Education, Activities, Drugs, Sex, Potential for Suicide

Question 9

how many chromosomes are in a human cell nuclei?

Answer 9

23 pairs of chromosomes

Question 10

what is DNA wound around?

Answer 10

histones (a protein material), called nucleosomes

Question 11

Define genotype

Answer 11

is the specific genetic material on an individual’s chromosomes

Question 12

define phenotype

Answer 12

The observable characteristic of the individual

Question 13

define epigenetics

Answer 13

is regulation patterns that alter gene function (phenotype) without changing gene structure (genotype)
-you can look diff but DNA is the same

Question 14

what is teratogenesis?

Answer 14

Deviations in prenatal development can result from exposure to teratogens, agents that cause damage to an embryo or a fetus (viral infections, drugs, environment)

Question 15

when is a fetus at the greatest risk form the most teratogens?

Answer 15

first 8 weeks of gestation because this is when the vital organs develop

Question 16

what do psychoanalytic theorists believe?

Answer 16

they believe that developmental change happens because of the influence of internal drives and emotions on behaviour

Question 17

what are the two big psychoanalytic theories?

Answer 17

Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory
Erik Erickson’s psychosocial theory

Question 18

which humanistic psychoanalytic theory do we study?

Answer 18

Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Question 19

Describe Ericksons psychosocial theory

Answer 19

-basically development occurs across the entire lifespan in psychological stages
- development results from the interaction between inner instincts and cultural demands

Question 20

name all the stages of Ericksons psychosocial theory

Answer 20

• trust vs. mistrust
• autonomy vs shame and doubt
  initiative vs guild
  industry vs inferiority
  identity vs role confusion
  intimacy cs isolation
  generatively vs stagnation
  integrity vs dispair

Question 21

what does maslows hierarchy of needs describe as the ultimate goal in human life?

Answer 21

self-actualisation (met all the needs off each thingy in the pyramid)

Question 22

what is the main premise of learning theories?

Answer 22

learning theories focus on how experiences in the environment shape the child

Question 23

which processes shape learning in the learning theories

Answer 23

classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Question 24

what are the two behavioural theories

Answer 24

Pavlov’s classical conditioning, and skinners operant conditioning

Question 25

what's the difference between pavlovs classical conditioning and skinners operant conditioning

Answer 25

pavlov taught dogs to salivate, skinners conditioning things behaviour is influenced of consequences (i.e. parenting)

Question 26

what does skinners operant conditioning believe the best form of reinforcement is?

Answer 26

positive reinforcement

Question 27

what are cognitive theories?

Answer 27

cognitive theories emphasise mental aspects of development, such as logic and memory

Question 28

what does Piagets cognitive development theory focus on?

Answer 28

- "how does thinking develop" - he based his ideas on stages during childhood

Question 29

what is a scheme?

Answer 29

a scheme describes an internal cognitive structure that provides an individual with a procedure to follow in a specific circumstance

Question 30

what are the three schemes in Piagets cognitive development theory?

Answer 30

- Assimilation, accommodation, equilibration

Question 31

define the assimilation scheme

Answer 31

process of applying schemes to experiences

Question 32

define the accommodation scheme

Answer 32

changing the scheme as a result of new info

Question 33

define the equilibration scheme

Answer 33

balancing both to create schemes that fit their environments

Question 34

Describe the information processing theory

Answer 34

comparing humans to computers information enters the mind (input) transformed through mental programs (throughput) is used to preform actions (output)

Question 35

what is encoding in the information processing theory?

Answer 35

organising info to be stored in memory (storage and retrieval)

Question 36

describe vygotskys sociocultural theory

Answer 36

Vygotsky asserts that learning is culturally dependent, with individuals from different cultures learning differently

Question 37

what is the role of scaffolding in vygotskys sociocultural theory

Answer 37

children leaning new cognitive skills is guided by an adult or a more skilled child who structures the Childs leaning experience

Question 38

What is the proximal zone of comfort (vygotskys sociocultural theory)

Answer 38

there are tasks that are too hard for the child to do alone, but can manage with guidance

Question 39

what does bandura's social learning theory believe?

Answer 39

that we can learn from watching others (known as observational learning or modelling)

Question 40

what is reciprocal determinism is bandura's social learning theory?

Answer 40

that human development is based on: personal factors (desire to learn) behavioural factors (doing things to learn) and environmental factors (ability to learn with their environment)

Question 41

what is self-efficacy?

Answer 41

believing that you can do it