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NURS2518 : The Older Client > Week 3 : Sensory Perception textbook questions > Flashcards

Week 3 : Sensory Perception textbook questions Flashcards

1
Q

define what sensory changes mean ?

A

a number of changes ( some loss of smell, sight, sound, and touch) occur in the sensory organs as result of a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factor .

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2
Q

Eyes and vision. True or false. Changes in vision and the eyes begin very early and are both functional and structural.

A

true

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3
Q

This is an age related decrease in near vision that typically becomes noticeable at the age of 40, where glasses are needed for close vision

A

Presyobia

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4
Q

some pathological conditions that are common in aging include

A

glaucoma
cataracts
macular degeneration

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5
Q

true or false. Extraocular changes : Age related changes affect both the form and function of the eyes

A

true

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6
Q

what is senileptosis ?

A

when eyes lose elasticity

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7
Q

when eyes lose elaasticity

A

senileptosis

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8
Q

what is entropion

A

prolonged turning inward of the lower lid

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9
Q

what is ectropion

A

decreases in orbicular muscle strength

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10
Q

what is dry eye syndrome

A

severe lubrication deficiency

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11
Q

does this fit in the category of extraocular changes:

senileptosis
entropion
ectropion
dry eye syndrome

A

yes all the above are apart of the extraocular changes

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12
Q

ocular changes : guess the disease
With aging, the cornea becomes flatter, less smooth, thicker , and duller in appearance. The result is increased far-sightedness

A

hyperopia

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13
Q

is hyperopia far-sightedness or near sightedness

A

far- sightedness

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14
Q

true or false: ocular changes : the ability to adjust to changes in light and the need for higher levels of lighting are the result of reduced responsiveness of the pupils and changes in the cornea.

A

wrong! changes in the lens, not the cornea

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15
Q

Ocular changes : describe what this is describing
This is a small, flexible, biconvex, Crystal-like structure just behind the iris- is the most responsible for visual acuity.

A

it is describing the lens

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16
Q

Ocular changes : ____ adjust the light entering the pupil and focuses it on the retina.

A

lens

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17
Q

Ocular changes: With age, light scattering increases and color perception decreases.

As a result, glare is a problem not only when created by sunlight outdoors but also when created by the reflection of light from any shiny object, such as polished floor or surface.

A

true

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18
Q

Intraocular changes :
______, lines the inside the eye, has less distinct margins is duller in appearance in older adults than in younger adults.

A

retina

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19
Q

Intraocular changes : Arteries in the back of the eye may show ____ and slight narrowing

A

atherosclerosis ( thickening or hardening)

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20
Q

true or false. Intra-ocular changes, arteries in the back of the eye may show atherosclerosis and slight narrowing. If a person has a long history of hypertension, veins may show indentations
( nicking ) as they pass over the arteries.

A

true

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21
Q

Ears and Hearing :
What is presbycusis ?

A

the most common type of hearing loss in older adults is a high-frequency, sensorineural

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22
Q

True or false. Hearing loss can lead to social withdrawal and decrease the risk for depression and falls.

A

false, it increases it

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23
Q

Ears and hearing :

What loses flexibility and becomes longer and wider as a result of diminished elasticity.

A

auricle

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24
Q

what does funduscopy mean ?

A

opthalmoscopic examination of the fundus of the eye

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25
Q

what is drusen ?

A

deposits under the retina, often found in people over the age of 60 years.

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26
Q

what is keratoconjuctivis sicca?

A

diminished tear production with age.

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27
Q

what is lipofuscin

A

an age related fatty brown pigment found in the liver, retina, kidneys, adrenals, nerve cells, and heart tissue

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28
Q

what is prelingual deafness

A

deafness that occurs before acquisition of spoken language

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29
Q

what does tonometry procedure

A

used by eye care professionals to determine intraocular pressure of the eye

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30
Q

what is the etiology behind keratoconjuctivitis sicca

A

the etiology is unclear ( but there are age related changes such as mucin secreting, lacrimal gland, mobomian glands that secrete surface oil)

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31
Q

what type of medications can cause dry eyes ?

A

vitamin a

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32
Q

diseases that affect the vision

A

Glaucoma
Cataracts
AMD

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33
Q

Explain what glaucoma is

A

the progression of glaucoma indicates a process –> natural fluids of the eye are blocked by ciliary muscle rigidity

gradual build of disease intra-ocular pressure —> damage to the optic nerve

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34
Q

what are the risk factors for the development of glaucoma ?

A

Age
Diabetes
steroid use
past eye injuries
family hsiotry

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35
Q

what are the 3 types of glaucoma

A
  1. Primary open angle glaucoma
  2. Acute angle- closure glaucoma
  3. Low-tension or normal tension glaucoma
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36
Q

name the characteristics for primary open angle glaucoma

A

asymptomatic until very late in the disease

can be treated and blindness or severe vision can be prevented (if detected early)

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37
Q

name the characteristics for acute angle closure glaucoma

A

-accompanied by redness and acute pain in and around the eye

-severe headaches
-nausea
-vomiting
-blurred vision

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38
Q

name the characteristics for low tension or normal tension glaucoma

A

damage to the optic nerve

cause is unknown

risk factors
1) family history
2) any kind of glaucoma
3) cardiovascular disease

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39
Q

What is a cataract

A

cataract causes oxidative damage to the lens protein and by fatty deposits known as lipofuscin

40
Q

what are the common causes of cataracts ?

A

heredity and advanced age

41
Q

what else could be the cause of cataracts

A

excessive sunlight or who have poor dietary habits, diabetes, hypertension, kidney disease, previous eye trauma, or a history of alcohol and tocacco.

42
Q

what is the assessment for cataracts?

A

Recognized by the clouding of the ordinarily clear ocular lens
Symptoms : appearance of halos around objects, blurring, decreased perception of light and color ( giving a yellow tint to most things), and sensitivity to glare.

43
Q

what is the intervention for cataract?

A

surgery, surgery involves the removal of the cloudy lens and its replacement with an artificial lens called intraocular lens

44
Q

this is a degenerative eye disease that affects the macula

A

macular degeneration

45
Q

What is responsible for clear central vision?

A

the central part of the eye

46
Q

macular degeneration is a progressive loss of central vision, leaving only ______ vision intact.

A

peripheral

47
Q

AMD results from……

A

systemic changes in circulation
disruption of photoreceptor cells
accumulation of cellular waste
tissue atrophy
growth of abnormal blood vessel in the choroid layer beneath the retina

48
Q

what are the risk factors of AMD ?

A

genetic predisposition
smoking
obesity
family history
excessive exposure to sunlight

49
Q

What are the forms of AMD?

A

the two forms of and is Dry and Wet

50
Q

what is dry AMD?

A

gets worse, the person may see blurred spot in the center of their vision

51
Q

What occurs when the light sensitive cells in the macular slowly break down?

A

Dry AMD

52
Q

True or false. Dry AMD is the presence of drusen, yellow deposits under the retina that are often found in people over the age of 60 years old.

A

true

53
Q

What is a wet AMD?

A

occurs when abnormal blood vessels begin to grow under the macula and leak fluid or blood, which raises the macula from its normal place at the back of the eye

54
Q

in the following situation : what is it describing?

the fluid or blood begins to accumulate in the macula, light-sensing cone cells and degenerate and die.

A

Wet AMD

55
Q

What is the assessment method we used for AMD patients?

A

check their eyes daily with Armsler Grid

The perception of wavy lines is diagnostic of the beginning of macular degeneration

56
Q

What are the interventions we could use for AMD?

A

Anti- VEGF therapy blocks the effect of the growth factor. These medications are injected into the eye as often as once as month and cna help slow vision loss from AMD and improve sight in some cases

57
Q

What is Diabetic Retinopathy?

A

this is the disease of the retinal microvasculature that is characterized by increased vessel permeability

58
Q

What are some assessments for diabetic retinopathy

A

early signs as microaneuryms
flamed shaped hemorrhages
cotton wool spots
hard exudates
dilated capillaries

59
Q

how can we detect diabetic retinopathy ?

A

funduscopy examination

60
Q

what are the interventions for diabetes retinopathy?

A

continuous blood glucose, cholesterol, and blood pressure can halt the progression of the disease.

61
Q

Auditory impairment and loss :
Tinnitus name the characteristics

A

is the perception of sound in the absence of acoustic stimuli

characterized by ringing in the ear, may also manifest as buzzing, whistling..

62
Q

tinnitus can be caused by

A

loud noises
excessive cerumen ( earwax)
disorders of the cervical vertebrae or tempromandibular joint
allergies

63
Q

Assessments for tinnitus

A

tinnitus can be objective or subjective.

The tinnitus handicap questionnaire measure emotional, physical, consequences of tinnitus

64
Q

what are the interventions for tinnitus ?

A

hearing aids can be prescribed

device that combines the features of a masker and a hearing aid and emits competitive but pleasant sound that distracts from head noise

65
Q

Pre lingual deafness often learn what ?

A

audible speech, sign language, or both

66
Q

True or false. Pre lingual deafness: Their reading and writing skills may be impaired even though their intelligence is normal.

A

true

67
Q

Older adults with pre lingual deafness use signing as their first language and english as their second

A

true

68
Q

What is sensation?

A

the ability to perceive stimulation through one’s sensory organs

69
Q

Stimulation can be internal or external
1) vision
2)hearing
3)taste
4)smell
5)touch

A

true

70
Q

what is perception?

A

the process by which we receive, organize, and interpret sensation

71
Q

What is sensory perception ?

A

can be defined as the ability to receive sensory input and, through various physiological process in the body, translate stimulus or data into meaningful information

72
Q

Requires functioning of the visual system, which includes the eyes, surrounding optic muscle and cranial nerves II, III , IV , V, VI

A

vision

73
Q

define vision in it’s finest form.

A

requires functioning of the visual system, including the eyes, surrounding optic muscle and cranial II, III , IV , V , VI

74
Q

name what these cranial associate with

cranial II
cranial III
cranial IV
cranial V
cranial VI

A

optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens

75
Q

true or false. external eye helps regulate and control the visual as well as protect the eye, aid with tear production and move the eye when desired.

A

true

76
Q

internal eye consists of 3 separate layers, what are they?

A

outer sclera
cornea
the middle layer which houses choroid, ciliary body, iris and the innermost layer retina

77
Q

The ____ communicates with the brain to produce vision

A

optic nerve

78
Q

What does the hearing involve ?

A

involves the peripheral and central auditory systems

79
Q

Hearing : external ear - are for hearing and processing sound, what are the name of the term responsible for this?

A

auricle and external auditory canal

80
Q

what is the function of auditory canal?

A

to collect and transmit sound to the tympanic membrane and to protect the inner ear

81
Q

what is the function of middle layer ?

A

air filled space that is located in the temporal bone

82
Q

this is connected to the throat/nasopharynx by the eustachian tube- primary function is to equalize air pressure on both sides of the eardrum

A

the middle ear

83
Q

is this the middle ear, external ear, or inner ear :
bony labyrinth suring a membrane

A

inner ear

84
Q

what is the function of the cochlea?

A

hearing ability, vestibular system which helps control balance.

85
Q

what is scope of sensory perception?

A

the scope of sensory perception ranges from optimal functioning to impairment of vision, hearing, taste, smell, and tactile perception

86
Q

What’s another word for taste?

A

gustatory system

87
Q

this is involve various cranial nerves and is directly related related to the ability of the mouth and tongue to detect the chemicals

A

taste

88
Q

involves various cranial nerve and is directly related to the ability of the mouth and tongue to detect the chemicals , also referred to as

A

tastants

89
Q

taste :
sensory receptor stimulation is conducted via

A

cranial nerves VII, IX, X

90
Q

taste : true or false.
sensory receptor stimulation conducted via cranial nerves VII, IX, X is then transmitted to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla of the brain and also sent to other areas within the brain.

A

tre

91
Q

the sense of smell is controlled primarily by cranial nerve

A

I ( olfactory nerve)

92
Q

true or false. Smell depends on sensory receptors located in mucous membranes of the upper and posterior parts of the nasal cavity that respond to airborne chemicals

A

true

93
Q

in the following describe the following : Cranial nerve I - XII

A

cranial I - olfactory
Cranial II - optic
cranial III - Trochlear
cranial IV = trochlear
cranial V= trigeminal
cranial VI = abducens
cranial VII =facial
cranial VIII = hearing
cranial IX = glossopharyngeal
cranial X= vagus
cranial XI = spinal accessory
cranial XII = hypoglossal

93
Q

define what touch is

A

sensation originates in the sensory receptors throughout the body- travel pathway it ultimately converges in the soma-sensory cortex

94
Q

describe the following characteristics : and which cranial it’s associated with

visual acuity and visual fields

smell reception and interpretation

downward and inward eye movement

eye movement laterally

jaw opening and closing ; sensation to eye, forehead, nose, mouth, teeth, ear , and face

controls most facial expressions, taste with anterior two thirds of tongue, excretion of tears and saliva

hearing and equilbrium

tongue movement, speech, and swallowing

turning one’s head and shrugging one’s shoulder

swallowing and speaking: sensation of nasopharynx, gag reflex, and taste ot posterior third of the tongue ;’ secretion of salivary glands and carotid reflex, certain speech sounds and swallowing

sensation behind the ear and portion of external ear canal, secretion of digestive enzymes ; peristalsis ; carotoid reflex; heart, respiratory and digestive processes

raising eyelids , extraocular movements, and papillary constriction

A

Cranial II
cranial I
cranial IV
cranial VI
cranial V
cranial VII
cranial VIII
cranial XII
cranial XI
cranial IX
cranial X
cranial III

95
Q

age related changes in vision:
difficult to focus on near objects

Hearing loss is caused by changes in the inner ear in the nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brain

A

Presbyopia

Presbycusis

NURS2518 : The Older Client (13 decks)

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