Week 3 Respiratory 2 ✅ Flashcards
Where are the frontal sinuses?
Opening in semi lunar hiatus in middle meatus
Where are the maxillary sinuses?
Opening in semi lunar hiatus in middle meatus
Where are the ethmoid sinuses?
Multiple openings in semi lunar hiatus (anterior), ethmoidal bulla (middle) and superior meatus (posterior)
Where are the sphenoidal sinuses?
Opening in spheno-ethmoidal recesses
What duct drains tears from the eyes?
Nasolacrimal duct
What does the pharynx connect?
Nasal and oral cavities to the respiratory and digestive systems
What is another word for the posterior nasal aperture?
Choanae
Where is the nasopharynx?
From the choanae to the soft palate
Where is the oropharynx?
Soft palate to epiglottis tip
Where is the laryngopharynx?
Epiglottis to cricoid cartilage
Where is the larynx?
Last part before lower respiratory tract
Tube to the trachea
Where are the vocal cords located?
In the larynx
What is the function of the epiglottis?
To cover laryngeal inlet when swallowing
Where is the larynx in relation to the hyoid bone?
Larynx is suspended from the hyoid bone
Which nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve - branch of vagus nerve
What are the functions of the larynx?
Respiration, phonation, effort closure and swallowing
Describe how the trachea leads to alveoli
Trachea
L/R main bronchus
L/R secondary (lobar) bronchi x2
L/R tertiary (segmental) bronchi x 10
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Acinus of alveoli
What is the structural difference between cricoid cartilage and c-shaped ring cartilage?
Cricoid is a full ring
What is the carina?
Bifurcation of the trachea
What is the conduction zone?
Lobar/secondary bronchi -> terminal bronchioles
Which areas does gas exchange take place?
Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
How many lobes does the right lung have and what are they called?
3
Superior lobe, middle lobe and inferior lobe
How many lobes does the left lung have and what are they called?
2
Superior and inferior lobes
What are the fissures of the right lung called?
Horizontal fissure
Oblique fissure
What are the fissures of the left lung called?
Oblique fissure
Where is the apex of the lung in relation to the ribs?
Above rib 1
Where does the base of the lungs sit?
On the diaphragm
What vessels etc make up the hilum?
Pulmonary artery
2 pulmonary veins!
Main bronchus
Bronchial vessels
Nerves
Lymphatics
Apart from the vessels, nerves and lymphatics, what else connects to the hilum?
Mediastinum pleura
Visceral pleura
Pulmonary ligament
Lobes of lungs (so they can move independently)
How many independent segments does the lung have?
10
Explain the pulmonary circulation
Deoxygenated blood from right ventricle enters lungs through 2 pulmonary arteries
The arteries divide into capillaries in the alveoli
Gas exchange occurs
Capillaries become pulmonary veins
Pulmonary veins leave each lung and enter left artium
Explain how the lungs themselves are supplied with oxygen (bronchial circulation)
Arteries branch off the 3rd posterior intercostal arteries and thoracic aorta
Enter hilum
Divide to supply pulmonary tissue
Return as bronchial veins
Drain into pulmonary veins or azygos
How are the lungs innervated?
Vagus nerve - constricts bronchioles
Sympathetic trunk - dilates bronchioles
Explain the layers of pleura
Lung
Visceral pleura
Pleural space
Parietal pleura
(balloon analogy)
What is a pleural recess?
Where lungs do not fully fill - unless forced inspiration (N.B. PLEURA DOES)
What are the 2 different types of pleural recess?
Costodiaphragmatic - fluid pools here due to gravity
Costomediastinal - largest on the left where it overlies the heart
How does the sternum move?
Superior and anterior - like a pump handle
How do the ribs move>
Laterally, upwards and outwards - like a bucket handle
What is fixed diaphragm? How do you raise intra-abdominal pressure?
Laryngeal cavity closed
Air retained in thorax
Abdominal muscles contract
Causes increased pressure to allow for micturition, child birth, defecation, lift something heavy
What muscles are used for normal inspiration?
External intercostals
Diaphragm
What muscles are used for forced inspiration?
Scalene muscles
Any muscle attached to ribs
What muscles are used for quiet breathing?
Passive recoil of lungs, rib cage and diaphragm
What muscles are used for active breathing?
Internal intercostals
Abdominal muscles (accessory mucles)
Where do the external intercostals run from?
From rib tubercles to costochondrial junctions
Where do the internal and innermost intercostals run from?
From lateral border of sternum to angle of the ribs
