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PA1: Anatomy > Week 2 Respiratory - Thorax, Mediastinum, Chest Wall and Breast ✅ > Flashcards

Week 2 Respiratory - Thorax, Mediastinum, Chest Wall and Breast ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

What is the manubriosternal joint better known as?

A

Sternal angle/angle of Louis

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2
Q

Which level is sternal angle at?

A

T4

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3
Q

Which part of the sternum does the diaphragm attach to?

A

Xiphoid process

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4
Q

Which rib is the biggest?

A

Rib 8

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5
Q

What is the definition of a true rib?

A

Attaches to sternum via own costal cartilage

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6
Q

What is the definition of a false rib?

A

Attaches to sternum via costal cartilage of rib 7

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7
Q

What is the definition of a floating rib?

A

Has no costal cartilage and does not attach to sternum

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8
Q

Which ribs are true ribs?

A

1-7

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9
Q

Which ribs are false ribs?

A

8-10

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10
Q

Which ribs are floating ribs?

A

11-12

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11
Q

What is the function of costal cartilage?

A

Allow movement

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12
Q

Which medications can weaken the ribs?

A

Steroids
e.g. in COPD

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13
Q

What is the definition of typical ribs?

A

Connects to vertebrae at the same level (superior articular head) and level above (inferior articular head)

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14
Q

Which ribs are typical ribs?

A

3-9

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15
Q

Which vertebrae does rib 1 attach onto?

A

T1

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16
Q

Which vertebrae does rib 2 attach onto?

A

T1 and T4 but looks atypical

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17
Q

Which ribs are most commonly fractured?

A

4-10

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18
Q

Which ribs indicate high energy trauma and can cause other internal injuries?

A

1-3

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19
Q

How many vertebrae are there?
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal

A

7 cervical (C1-7 in neck)
12 thoracic (T1-12 in thoracic spinal column)
5 lumbar (L1-5 in lower back)
5 sacral (S1-5 - forms the sacrum, usually fused)
4 coccygeal (Co1-4)

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20
Q

Is the spinous process posterior or anterior?

A

Posterior

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21
Q

What is the function of transverse process?

A

Articulates with tubercle of rib

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22
Q

What are demifacets?

A

Where part of the head of the rib or part of the costal cartilage articulates

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23
Q

Rib tubercle always articulates with corresponding spinous process - true or false?

A

True

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24
Q

Where will a pancoast tumour press?

A

In the thoracic inlet

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25
Q

What could a pancoast tumour cause?

A

Horner’s syndrome

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26
Q

Why does pancoast tumour cause parathesia?

A

Presses on the nerves

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27
Q

What is a barrel chest?

A

Hyperexpansion of the chest due to hyperexpansion of the lungs

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28
Q

What condition is barrel chest seen in?

A

COPD

29
Q

What is pectus excavatum?

A

Ribs and the breastbone (sternum) grow inward and form a dent in the chest

30
Q

What is pectus carinatum?

A

When part of the breastbone is pushed outwards or raised

31
Q

Where is the mediastinum?

A

Between left and right pleural cavity

32
Q

What is the superior mediastinum?

A

Mediastinum above sternal angle

33
Q

What is the middle mediastinum?

A

Pericardium

34
Q

What is the anterior mediastinum?

A

Anterior to pericardium

35
Q

What is the posterior mediastinum?

A

Posterior to pericardium

36
Q

Where is the location of the aorta in the mediastinum?

A

Posterior mediastinumWh

37
Q

What does the internal thoracic artery supply?

A

Anterior intercostal arteries 1-6 then bifurcates into ? and musculophrenic artery 7-9

38
Q

Which vein drains into superior vena cava?

A

Azygos vein

39
Q

What lymph structure does the abdomen drain into?

A

Cisterna chyli

40
Q

Where does the cisterna chyli drain into?

A

Thoracic duct

41
Q

Which parts of the body does the thoracic duct drain?

A

LEFT:
Head, neck, thorax, arm

+ ALL pelvis and lower limbs

42
Q

What does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A

RIGHT:
Head, neck, thorax, arm

43
Q

What side of the body is Virchow’s node on?

A

Left

44
Q

How many intercostal spaces are there?

A

11

45
Q

Why are the collateral branches superior of rib clinically significant?

A

Be careful not to hit when inserting drains etc!

46
Q

What are the 3 intercostal muscles?

A

External
Internal
Innermost

47
Q

What order are the collateral vessels in?

A

VAN
Lateral - medial

48
Q

Is the diaphragm higher on the right or left side? Why?

A

Right due to liver

49
Q

What does the diaphragm seal?

A

Inferior thoracic inlet

50
Q

What does the diaphragm attach to?

A

Xiphoid process
Anterior lateral costal margin
Inferior lateral ribs 11+12
Abdominal wall
Lumbar region

51
Q

When breathing out, how far can the diaphragm raise to?

A

Rib 4 right, rib 5 left

52
Q

At which level does the IVC pass through the diaphragm?

A

T8

53
Q

At which level does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm (oesophageal hiatus)?

A

T10

54
Q

At which level does the aorta pass through the diaphragm (aortic hiatus)?

A

T12

55
Q

At which level does most of posterior mediastinum contents pass through the diaphragm?

A

T12

56
Q

What does the word phrenic relate to?

A

Diaphragm

57
Q

Which arteries supply the diaphragm?

A

Pericardiacophrenic, muscolophrenic and inferior phrenic

58
Q

Which veins drain the diaphragm?

A

Azygos system
Inferior vena cava
Brachiocephalic veins

59
Q

Which nerves supply the diaphragm?

A

C3 C4 C5

60
Q

What are the muscles of the chest wall?

A

Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior

61
Q

Which structures are found at the sternal angle?

A

RATPLANT
Rib 2
Aortic arch
Tracheal bifurcation
Pulmonary trunk
Ligamentum arteriosum
Azygos vein drains into SVC
Nerves -
loop of recurrent laryngeal nerve
Thoracic duct

62
Q

Where is the safe triangle located?

A

Anterior lateral borer of pectoralis major
Posterior lateral border of latissimus dorsi
5th intercostal space

63
Q

How many lactiferous ducts are there in a breast?

A

~15

64
Q

How do the breasts change during pregnancy? How do they compare with non-pregnancy?

A

Enlarged with more secretary lobules

Nonpregnant - more fat

65
Q

What is the difference in breasts male vs female?

A

Males do not have mammary glands

66
Q

How much lymph moves to the axillary glands laterally from the breasts?

A

~75%

67
Q

Why are dimples a feature of breast cancer?

A

Mass compresses against the suspensory ligaments which pulls the skin down

68
Q

What is peau d’orange?

A

Orange peel appearance - usually oedema

PA1: Anatomy (5 decks)

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