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NR507 - Advanced Pathophysiology > Week 3 - Respiratory > Flashcards

Week 3 - Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Spirometry Values for Restrictive Disorders

A

FEV - decreased
FVC - decreased
TLC - decreased
Ratio - normal

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2
Q

Spirometry Values for obstructive disorders

A

FEV - decreased
FVC - normal/decreased
TLC - greater than 120%
Ratio - Decreased

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3
Q

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

A

Volume of air in teh lungs that can be exhaled (normal is 80-120%)

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4
Q

Forced expiratory volume (FEV)

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully expired from the lungs in the first second of expiration. Normal level is 80%.

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5
Q

FEV1/FVC Ratio

A

Determines whether a disease is obstructive, restrictive or normal

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6
Q

Diffusing capacity

A

The ability for gas exchange in the alveoli. This can be decreased with conditions like emphysema where there is decreased function of alveoli.

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7
Q

Residual volume

A

Amount of air left in the lungs after forceful exhalation.

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8
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Residual volume x FVC

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9
Q

Steps to analyze Pulmonary Function tests

A
  1. Determine pattern of the condition (obstructive or restrictive)
    - Ratio less than 70% –> obstructive
    - Ratio greater than 70% –> restrictive.
  2. Determine the severity by looking at FEV1 % predictive
    - mild - greater than 70%
    - moderate - 60-70%
    - moderately severe - 50-60%
    - severe - 35-50%
    - very sever - less than 35%
  3. Determine whether there is a bronchodilator response
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10
Q

PFT measurements for obstructive disease

A

FEV - decreased
FVC - decreased/normal
Ratio - less than 70%
TLC - greater than 120%

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11
Q

PFT measurements for restrictive disease

A

FEV - decreased
FVC - decreased
Ratio - Normal or > 70%
TLC - < 80%

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12
Q

Obstructive pulmonary diseases include:

A
  • asthma
  • ephysema
  • chronic bronchitis-
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13
Q

Restrictive pulmonary diseases include:

A

Includes intrinsic and extrinsic lung disorders

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14
Q

Symptoms of obstructive disorders

A
  • reduction in airflow
  • SOB with exhalation
  • difficulty with expiration
  • air trapping in lungs
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15
Q

Types of obstructive disorders

A
  • asthma
  • emphysema
  • chronic bronchitis
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16
Q

Symptoms of restrictive disorders

A
  • reduction in lung volume
  • difficulty on inspiration
  • stiffness in lung compliance or chest wall structural abnormality
  • pulmonary fibrosis
17
Q

Types of Intrinsic restrictive disorders

A
  • Interstitial Lung Disease
  • Pulmonary fibrosis
  • Pneumonia
  • Pneumoconioses
  • ARDS
  • Sarcoidosis
18
Q

Types of extrinsic restrictive lung disorders

A
  • scoliosis
  • obesity
  • pleural effusion
  • malignant tumors
  • rib fractures
19
Q

Types of extrinsic restrictive lung disorders

A
  • scoliosis
  • obesity
  • pleural effusion
  • malignant tumors
  • rib fractures
20
Q

Drugs associated with medication induced ILD

A
  • methotrexate
  • nitrofurantoin
  • amiodarone
21
Q

COPD Gold Staging Guidelines

A

Gold 1- Mild, FEV1 <, = 80% predicted
Gold 2 - Moderate FEV1 < 80% predicted
Gold 3 - Severe FEV1 < 50% predicted
Gold 4 - Very severe FEV1 < 30% predicted

22
Q

What is the number one case of chronic bronchitis?

A

Smoking

23
Q

Alpha-antitrypsen 1 deficiency

A

Genetic disorder which prevents the body from turning off the immune response resulting in damage to lungs.
Leads to COPD.

24
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Disease characterized by inflammation, mucous secretion, chronic productive cough for at least three months in the last 2 years.

25
Q

Pathophysiology of Chronic bronchitis

A
  • exposure to irritant
  • bronchial smooth muscle contraction
  • release of inflammatory mediators
  • mucus secretion and inflammation
26
Q

Pathophysiological changes caused by chronic bronchitis

A
  • excess mucus production
  • hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
  • hypertrophy/hyperplasia of bronchial mucus producing cells
  • airflow obstruction
  • decreased alveolar ventilation
27
Q

Extrinsic Asthma

A

Exposure to allergen produces chronic reaction that increased production of IgE cells and you get a hyperactive immune response which includes construction of smooth muscle, increased mucus secretion, vasodilation producing edema and more antibodies at the area of exposure.

28
Q

Intrinsic Asthma

A

Caused by non-allergen stimulus like infection, GERD, obesity, medications (NSAIDS). Has no IgE elevation and usually occurs in adults over 40.

29
Q

Symptoms of asthma

A
  • chest tightness
  • wheezing
  • dyspnea
  • prolonged expiration
  • non-productive cough
  • symptomatic morning and night
  • tachycardia
    -tachypnea
30
Q

Interstitial Lung Disease

A

Restrictive lung disorder in which there is damage to the lungs or parenchymal tissue, can cause progressive scarring and fibrosis.

NR507 - Advanced Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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