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NR507 - Advanced Pathophysiology > Week 2 - Hematology > Flashcards

Week 2 - Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Systolic Heart Failure

A

Heart is not pumping effectively during contractions.

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2
Q

Diastolic Heart Failure

A

Heart isn’t relaxing fully between contractions.

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3
Q

Hypochromic anemias

A
  1. Iron Deficiency Anemia
  2. Sideroblastic Anemia
  3. Thalassemia
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4
Q

Types of Normochromic Anemia

A

Anemia of inflammation and chronic disease

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5
Q

Types of Hyperchromic Anemia

A

Hereditary spherocytosis
- inherited blood disorder caused by gene mutation. Instead of RBCs being shaped like a disk, the cells are round like a sphere. These red blood cells (called spherocytes) are more fragile than disk-shaped RBCs. It is a type of hemolytic anemia as RBCs are destroyed.

Sickle cell anemia
Liver disease

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6
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia

A

Insufficient levels of iron or the inability of mitochondria to use Iron effectively. This reduced Hb synthesis resulting in the formation of smaller, paler, RBCs.

Microcytic/Hypochromic

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7
Q

Causes of Iron Deficiency Anemia

A
  1. Chronic or occult bleeding (Gi ulcers, hemorrhage, colitis, cirrhosis)
  2. Decreased dietary intake
  3. Decreased ability to use FE for heme synthesis.
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8
Q

MCV

A

Mean Corpuscular Volume

Average size of RBCs

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9
Q

MCHC

A

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration

Measure of average concentration of hemoglobin inside a single red blood cell

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10
Q

Low levels of MCHC indicates…..

A

Hypochromic RBCs

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11
Q

Low levels of MCV indicates…….

A

Microcyctic RBCs

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12
Q

What test diagnoses iron deficiency anemia?

A

Serum ferritin levels. This tells you what the body’s total iron store is.

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13
Q

Types of Macrocytic Anemia

A
  1. Megaloblast Anemias
  2. Non-megaloblast Anemia
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14
Q

Types of megaloblastic anemia

A
  1. Folate deficiency
  2. Vitamin B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia)

Both are required for DNA synthesis and result in impaired replication of RBCs. The cells get large instead of dividing.

Type of macrocytic anemia.

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15
Q

What is macrocytic anemia?

A

Blood disorder that happens when your bone marrow produces abnormally large red blood cells. These abnormal blood cells lack nutrients red blood cells need to function normally.

Includes both megaloblastic and non-megaloblastic anemias.

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16
Q

Non-megaloblast anemias include….

A
  1. Liver disease
  2. Myelodysplastic syndrome
  3. alcoholism

Type of macrocytic anemia.

17
Q

Pernicious Anemia (B12 deficiency)

A

Autoimmune destruction of the parietal cells which decrease secretion of intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor binds to B12 in the stomach, travels with it to the small intestine, breaks up in the ileum and the B12 is absorbed int he blood. B12 is needed for DNA maturation and condensation.

Causes:
- immature RBCs
- Lack of functional hemoglobin
- Decreased nerve cell myelination

Type of macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia.

18
Q

Causes of pernicious anemia

A
  1. Low dietary intake
  2. Gastritis
  3. H. Pylori infection
  4. Advanced age
19
Q

Foods high in B12

A
  • beef
  • liver
    -chicken
  • salmon
  • dairy products
  • eggs
  • pork
20
Q

Folate Deficiency

A

Insufficient intake or decreased absorption of folic due to GI problems which leads to abnormal RBC function and premature death. Folic acid helps the body make RBCS.

Type of macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia.

21
Q

What is megaloblastic anemia?

A

Anemias that are characterized by very large RBCs.

22
Q

What is non-megaloblastic anemia?

A

Anemia associated with larger than normal cells (MCV>100 fL but generally < 110), but is not caused by a nuclear maturation defect.

23
Q

Foods high in folate

A
  • citrus fruit
  • leafy green veg
  • beans
    -rice
  • cereal
  • folate fortified foods.
24
Q

Lab values for pernicious anemia

A

MCV - high
MCHC - normal
Reticulocyte - Low
Ferritin - Normal
Folate - Normal
Serum B-12 - Low

25
Q

Lab values for Folate deficiency anemia

A

MCV - high
MCHC - normal
Reticulocyte - Low
Ferritin - Normal
Folate - Low
Serum B-12 - Normal/Low

26
Q

What is a normocytic anemia?

A

Diseases that cause fewer RBCs than normal, and those blood cells don’t have the normal amount of hemoglobin even though they are a regular size.

27
Q

Types of normocytic anemia

A
  1. Acute blood loss anemia
  2. Hemolytic anemia
  3. Aplastic Anemia
28
Q

Acute blood loss anemia

A

Low levels of RBCs due to hemorrhage including:
- GI bleeding (acute or chronic)
- Severe trauma
- Surgical or L&D complications

Type of normocytic anemia.
- normal size RBCs
- increased number of reticulocytes

29
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

Premature destruction of RBCs due to:
1. enzymes or toxins produced by the infectious agent (parasites, bacteria)
3. Certain chemicals or drugs
4. Tranfusion reaction
5. Hemolytic disease of the newborn (RH+ mom, RH- child)
6. Autoimmune reactions

Type of Normocytic anemia
- normal size RBCs
- increased number of reticulocytes

30
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A

The bone marrow doesn’t make enough RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.

Normocytic anemia
- RBCs are normal size
- low number of reticulocytes

31
Q

Causes of aplastic anemia

A
  1. Chemical/radiation exposure (chemo)
  2. Virus (hepatitis, epstein-barr)
  3. Tumors (multiple myeloma)
  4. Antibiotics/medications (PCN, chloramphenicol)
  5. Congenital defects (Franconi’s anemia)
32
Q

Aplastic anemia lab values

A

MCV - Normal
MCHC - Normal
Reticulocyte - Low

33
Q

Blood loss anemia lab values

A

MCV - Normal
MCHC - Normal
Reticulocyte - High

34
Q

Hemolytic anemia lab values

A

MCV - Normal
MCHC - Normal
Reticulocyte - High

35
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Inherited autosomal recessive disorder (1 single amino acid on beta chain) resulting in elongated “sickled” red blood cells which have Hb molecules which do not bind to oxygen as readily. Cells rupture 10-15 days after they start circulating. Type of hemolytic anemia, risk for iron overload. Causes damage to the spleen, kidney and increased stroke risk (abnormal cells stick together forming a thrombus). Characterized by acute painful episodes. Oxidative stress causes reduction in binding of hemoglobin due to:
-hypoxia
-anxiety
-fear
-stress
-cold
-dehydration

36
Q

Thalassemia

A

Autosomal genetic recessive disorder characterized by many possible genetic mutations. Caused by single or multiple mutation of proteins on alpha and beta chains. Causes varying amounts of distortion and disfunction of RBCs. May be mild or life threatening. Causes ineffective erythropoiesis. Mainly affects those of African or SE asian descent.

NR507 - Advanced Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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