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Clinical Decision Making > Week 3 Research Design > Flashcards

Week 3 Research Design Flashcards

1
Q

what is research

A

results from individual studies

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2
Q

what is evidence

A

cumulative results across studies

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3
Q

what does evidence based practice involve

A

tracking down the available evidence, assessing validity and using the best evidence to inform treatment decisions

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4
Q

is a single study evidence

A

no

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5
Q

what is validity

A

the degree to which the design and method provide for accurate investigation of event in question
-closeness to the truth

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6
Q

what are examples of threats to internal validity

A

-selection bias
-maturation
-instrumentation

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7
Q

what increases internal validity

A

when controls increase

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8
Q

what happens as controls increase

A

external validity decreased due to decreased generalizability of findings

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9
Q

how does external validity give the ability to generalize findings

A

-beyond the subjects in the study
- beyond the environmental constraints of the current study
- to other temporal periods

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10
Q

what are the types of research bias

A

-systematic error that causes a preference for one outcome over another
- problematic or incomplete controls that result in skewed observations

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11
Q

what are examples of pre-trial bias

A

selection bias and channeling bias

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12
Q

what is selection bias

A

procedures for selection of participants is different across groups

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13
Q

what is channeling bias

A

placing participants in study conditions according to prognosis, age, fragility

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14
Q

what are forms of bias during the clinical trial

A

-interview bias
-chronology bias
-recall bias
-transfer bias
-misclassification bias
-performance bias

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15
Q

what is interview bias

A

error by researcher collecting data

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16
Q

what is chronology bias

A

histroic controls subject to changes in practice

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17
Q

what is recall bias

A

skewed or faulty recollection of events/associations

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18
Q

what is transfer bias

A

differential attrition across conditions

19
Q

what is misclassification bias

A

problems with operational definition of grouping variables

20
Q

what is performance bias

A

differences in clinical quality of intervention across providers

21
Q

what are forms of bias after the clinical trial

A

-citation bias
-publication bias
-confounding bias

22
Q

what is citation bias

A

comparative evidence limited by what is accessible

23
Q

what is publication bias

A

previous evidence not available due to publication preferences

24
Q

what is confounding bias

A

observed associated due to some unknown variable

25
Q

what is quantitative data

A

inquiry rooted in empiricism

26
Q

what is qualitative data

A

inquiry based in hermeneutics

27
Q

what is a systematic review

A

refers to the entire process of selecting, evaluating and synthesizing all available evidence

28
Q

what is a meta analysis

A

refers to the statstical approach to combining the data derived from a systematic review

29
Q

what is a randomized control trial

A

a trial in which subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups
-the experimental group or the control/comparison group

30
Q

what are cohort studies

A

a particular form of longitudinal study that samples a cohort

31
Q

what are case control studies

A

compares patients who have a disease or outcome of interest with patients who do not have the disease or outcome and looks back retrospectively to compare how frequently the exposure to a risk factor is present in each group

32
Q

what are cross sectional studies

A

the investigator measures the outcome and the exposure in they study participants at the same time

33
Q

what are case reports

A

a detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow up after treatment of an individual patient

34
Q

what is experimental research

A

-quantitative inquiry
- investigates cause
- those studies in which the researcher controls or maniupulates the variables under investigation

35
Q

what is observaitional research

A

-qualitative or quantitative
- without experiemntal controls
- “quasi experiment”
- designs provide for the investigation of relationships but not cause

36
Q

what is a variable

A

any factor relevant to a particular study, known or unknown

37
Q

what is an independent variable

A

a factor or condition that changes naturally or is intentionally manipulated by the investigator

38
Q

what is a dependent variable

A

an observed variable in an experiment or study for which changes are determined by the level of one or more independent variables

39
Q

what is a confounding variable

A

an extraneous variable that correlates significantly with both the dependent variable and the independent variable
- not considered or recognized by the researcher that has significant impact of the dependent variable or outcome of interest

40
Q

what is prospective research

A

looks at events that have not yet happened or constructs that have not yet been measured

41
Q

what is retrospective research

A

looks at data that already exists

42
Q

what study type is the strongest evidence for demonstrating cause and effect

A

randomized control trial

43
Q

what do you look for when appraising a study

A

-who were the participants?
- how were they assigned to groups?
- what were the study conditions?
- hypotheses?
- assessment of intervention?
- how were the data analyzed?

Clinical Decision Making (4 decks)

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