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SOCI213 > Week 3: Readings > Flashcards

Week 3: Readings Flashcards

1
Q

What is Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)?

A

Abuse or violence occurring between intimate partners, regardless of gender or marital status.

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2
Q

What does the biological perspective emphasize in relation to IPV?

A

The role of genetic, neurological, and physiological factors in influencing aggressive behaviour.

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3
Q

What is a significant biological factor associated with impaired impulse control in IPV perpetrators?

A

Head injuries.

Evidence suggests that head injuries may impair impulse control, leading to agressive behavuour

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4
Q

What neurotransmitter is linked to increased aggression when levels are lower?

A

Serotonin.

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5
Q

What percentage of aggression variance is attributed to genetic factors according to twin studies?

A

15–25%.

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6
Q

True or False: Personality disorders are rarely associated with IPV perpetrators.

A

False.

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7
Q

What psychological condition is most commonly linked to IPV perpetrators?

A

Borderline personality disorder.

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: Low self-esteem may drive violent partners to perpetrate IPV as a coping mechanism for feelings of _______.

A

inferiority.

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9
Q

What does attachment theory suggest about IPV?

A

IPV may result from disturbed relational patterns formed in early life.

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10
Q

How are anger and hostility related to IPV?

A

They are significant predictors of IPV.

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11
Q

What is a limitation of the biological explanations for IPV?

A

They fail to consider societal and cultural factors.

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12
Q

What is the relationship between substance abuse and IPV?

A

A complex, possibly reciprocal relationship.

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13
Q

What interdisciplinary approach is recommended for understanding IPV?

A

Integrating biological, psychological, social, and ecological factors.

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14
Q

What is a critique of existing studies on IPV?

A

Sample bias, often focusing on court-referred individuals.

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15
Q

True or False: IPV is a global issue affecting all cultures and demographics.

A

True.

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16
Q

What key role do societal and cultural factors play in IPV dynamics?

A

Shaping IPV through structural inequalities and gender norms.

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17
Q

What do the authors advocate for in terms of future research on IPV?

A

Longitudinal studies and diverse populations.

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18
Q

What is the role of communication skills in IPV?

A

Deficiencies are common in IPV perpetrators.

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19
Q

Fill in the blank: The article highlights how IPV has transitioned from terms like ‘wife beating’ to _______.

A

intimate partner violence.

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20
Q

What is the significance of head injuries in the biological explanation of IPV?

A

They can impair impulse control and increase aggression.

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21
Q

How does serotonin influence aggression?

A

Higher levels are linked to reduced aggression.

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22
Q

What therapies may help mitigate IPV according to the findings?

A

Therapies addressing attachment issues, anger management, and communication skills.

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23
Q

What is a suggested practical application for addressing biological factors in IPV?

A

Advances in genetic research and treatment for brain injuries.

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24
Q

What does Daryl J. Bem’s Exotic Becomes Erotic (EBE) theory propose?

A

A developmental framework for understanding the emergence of sexual orientation

The theory integrates biological, psychological, and cultural factors.

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25
Q

What are the two dominant perspectives that EBE theory bridges?

A
  • Biological Essentialism
  • Social Constructionism
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26
Q

What is Biological Essentialism?

A

The view that sexual orientation is hardwired through genes, prenatal hormones, or brain structure.

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27
Q

What is Social Constructionism?

A

The argument that sexual orientation is a product of cultural and societal influences.

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28
Q

What is the first stage of the EBE model?

A

Biological Variables (A) - Genetic, prenatal, and neuroanatomical factors shape a child’s temperaments, such as aggression or activity levels. These temperaments do not determine sexual orientation directly but influence childhood behaviours and preferences.

Genetic, prenatal, and neuroanatomical factors shape a child’s temperaments.

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29
Q

How do childhood temperaments influence sexual orientation according to the EBE model?

A

They affect activity preferences, leading children to gravitate toward gender-typical or atypical activities and peers.

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30
Q

What characterizes Gender-Conforming Children in the EBE model?

A

Prefer same-sex peers and gender-typical activities.

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31
Q

What characterizes Gender-Nonconforming Children in the EBE model?

A

Prefer opposite-sex peers and activities, perceiving same-sex peers as different or unfamiliar.

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32
Q

What does the term ‘Feelings of Exoticism’ refer to in the EBE theory?

A

Children perceive peers from whom they feel different as ‘exotic,’ triggering autonomic arousal.

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33
Q

What happens to the arousal elicited by exotic peers during adolescence according to the EBE model?

A

It transforms into romantic or sexual attraction.

  • Gender-conforming children develop heterosexual attractions to opposite-sex peers.
  • Gender-nonconforming children develop same-sex attractions.
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34
Q

What percentage of gay men and lesbians reported feeling different from their same-sex peers during childhood in the San Francisco study?

A

Over 70%

Compared to less than 40% of heterosexual participants.

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35
Q

What is the Opponent Process Theory as it relates to the EBE model?

A

Negative emotions toward same-sex peers may transform into positive feelings over time.

36
Q

What is Imprinting in the context of the EBE theory?

A

Early exposure to exotic peers ‘locks in’ preferences that influence later romantic or sexual attraction.

37
Q

What do gender-polarizing cultures emphasize according to the EBE theory?

A

Male-female differences, reinforcing heterosexuality as the modal outcome.

38
Q

What is a critique of Biological Determinism in relation to sexual orientation?

A

Bem argues that sexual orientation is not directly coded in genes or determined by prenatal hormones.

39
Q

What is a key finding regarding childhood gender nonconformity?

A

It strongly predicts adult sexual orientation.

40
Q

True or False: Experience-Based Theories like Freud’s psychoanalytic account have strong empirical support.

A

False

41
Q

What can provoke heightened emotional responses in the EBE model?

A

Novel or unfamiliar stimuli.

42
Q

What is the modal outcome for sexual orientation in most children according to the EBE theory?

A

Heterosexuality.

43
Q

What areas require further empirical testing according to the EBE theory’s implications?

A
  • Transformation of autonomic arousal into erotic attraction
  • Gender-nonconforming girls’ pathways to sexual orientation
  • Cross-cultural applications
44
Q

What does the EBE theory emphasize regarding childhood experiences?

A

Experiences of exoticism provide a lens for understanding the complexities of human attraction and identity.

45
Q

What is the main focus of Kai T. Erikson’s Wayward Puritans?

A

The sociology of deviance through the analysis of 17th-century Puritan society in the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Erikson explores how deviance is shaped by community values, norms, and moral boundaries.

46
Q

How does Erikson define deviance?

A

As a social construct shaped by the values, norms, and moral boundaries of a community

Deviance is not an intrinsic quality of certain behaviors.

47
Q

What role does deviance play in community identity according to Erikson?

A

It helps define and maintain community identity, facilitating social cohesion and adaptation to change.

48
Q

What is the significance of moral boundaries in Erikson’s analysis?

A

They distinguish acceptable from unacceptable behavior and enable the community to define itself.

49
Q

True or False: According to Durkheim, deviance is a natural and harmful part of social life.

A

False

Durkheim suggests that deviance is a natural and beneficial part of social life.

50
Q

List the three functional roles of deviance as proposed by Erikson.

A
  • Boundary Maintenance
  • Social Cohesion
  • Adaptation and Change
51
Q

What event exemplified the Antinomian Controversy in Puritan society?

A

Anne Hutchinson’s theological dissent, which challenged the authority of the Puritan clergy.

52
Q

What does Quaker Persecution illustrate in the context of deviance?

A

How deviance is defined by the perceived challenge it poses to institutional authority.

53
Q

What societal fears led to the Salem Witch Trials?

A

Collective fears and social anxieties in Puritan society.

54
Q

What is the role of institutions in defining and regulating deviance?

A

Religious, legal, and political institutions work together to enforce moral boundaries and ensure conformity.

55
Q

Fill in the blank: Punishments in Puritan society were highly _______.

A

symbolic

56
Q

What broader implications does Erikson’s analysis of deviance have?

A

It offers a universal framework for understanding deviance, highlighting its necessity for social order.

57
Q

What are ‘Public Rituals of Punishment’?

A

Symbolic acts, such as trials and executions, that reaffirm community values and moral boundaries.

58
Q

What does ‘Boundary Maintenance’ refer to?

A

The process by which communities clarify and reinforce their moral boundaries through responses to deviance.

59
Q

What is the ‘Social Construct’ concept in relation to deviance?

A

The idea that deviance is defined by societal reactions and context, rather than being inherent in specific actions.

60
Q

What are the ‘Salem Witch Trials’ known for?

A

A series of trials and executions that highlighted deviance as a response to societal fears and anxieties.

61
Q

What does the term ‘Institutions as Guardians of Morality’ imply?

A

Religious and legal systems that define and regulate deviance to uphold social order.

62
Q

What does Merton’s Social Structure and Anomie explore?

A

The relationship between cultural goals, institutionalized means, and deviant behaviour

63
Q

What are cultural goals?

A

Societal values and aspirations that define success, such as material wealth or social status

64
Q

Define institutionalized means.

A

Socially accepted and regulated methods for achieving cultural goals, such as education, employment, or hard work

65
Q

What occurs when there is a disconnect between cultural goals and institutionalized means?

A

Anomie

66
Q

What is anomie?

A

A state of normlessness or social instability resulting from the disconnect between cultural goals and institutionalized means

67
Q

What are the five modes of adaptation outlined by Merton?

A
  • Conformity
  • Innovation
  • Ritualism
  • Retreatism
  • Rebellion
68
Q

What is conformity in Merton’s modes of adaptation?

A

Acceptance of both societal goals and approved methods

69
Q

Define innovation as a mode of adaptation.

A

Acceptance of societal goals but rejection of legitimate means, leading to deviant behaviour such as crime or fraud

70
Q

What does ritualism entail in Merton’s theory?

A

Abandonment of societal goals while rigidly adhering to institutionalized means

71
Q

What is retreatism?

A

Rejection of both goals and means, resulting in withdrawal from societal participation

72
Q

What does rebellion involve?

A

Rejection of existing goals and means and the substitution of new ones to establish a new social order

73
Q

How does Merton explain the structural causes of deviance?

A

Deviance is structurally induced by societal emphasis on wealth and success, which pressures individuals to use illegitimate means

74
Q

What role do economic and social inequalities play in Merton’s theory?

A

Class disparities exacerbate strain, increasing likelihood of adopting deviant adaptations

75
Q

What societal ideology is critiqued in Merton’s analysis?

A

The American Dream

76
Q

What is the American Dream according to Merton?

A

A cultural ideal emphasizing individual success and upward mobility, often critiqued for its unrealistic universality given systemic inequalities

77
Q

True or False: Merton views deviance as an inherent flaw in individuals.

A

False

78
Q

What does Merton suggest about deviance?

A

Deviance is a logical response to societal pressures rather than an inherent flaw in individuals

79
Q

What implications does Merton’s strain theory have for policy?

A

Applications include understanding crime, social inequality, and interventions aimed at reducing strain

80
Q

Fill in the blank: Anomie is a state of _______ or social instability resulting from the disconnect between cultural goals and institutionalized means.

A

normlessness

81
Q

What is the tension or pressure individuals feel when unable to achieve societal goals through legitimate means called?

A

Strain

82
Q

What does the term deviance refer to?

A

Behaviour that violates societal norms, arising as a response to strain and anomie

83
Q

What is structural inequality?

A

Systemic disparities in access to resources and opportunities that create strain for disadvantaged groups

84
Q

What does Merton mean by institutional critique?

A

Analysis of how societal structures contribute to deviance by creating unequal access to legitimate opportunities

85
Q

What is Durkheim’s view on crime?

A
  • Durkheim argues that crime is normal because it is part of all societies. Crime makes important contributions to the operation of a social system.
  • A society exempt from crime is not possible.
  • To make progress, individual originality must be able to express itself.
  • Where crime exists, collective sentiments are sufficiently flexible to take on a new form and crime sometimes helps to determine the form they will take.

SOCI213 (8 decks)

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