Week 3: Perception & Imagery

Question 1

Top-down processing

Answer 1

Processing in the brain that references personal experiences and biases. This affects how you perceive and interpret anything around you

Question 2

Bottom-up processing

Answer 2

Processing in the brain that happens from simple observation or description of something based on the characteristics of what you sense. There is no interpretation while doing this form of processing.

Question 3

Sensation

Answer 3

process of receiving stimulus energies from external environment. Received physical signals (vision: sound waves, light waves, etc.) are translated into electrical and chemical signals/energy for neurons to use. results in the cognition of perception.

Question 4

Perception

Answer 4

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli that comes in through the sensory organs and the brain

Question 5

The light wave goes through

Answer 5

macron cells → bipolar cells → horizontal cells → get relayed to the rods and cones (photoreceptors)

Question 5

Perception is an example of top-down processing

Answer 5

you are receiving the information but interpreting it in a certain way. Bias and familiarity come along with this.

Question 5

Principle of Neural Representation

Answer 5

Human sensory experiences are based on action potentials in the CNS

Question 6

Transduction

Answer 6

the TRANSLATION of physical signals into electric and chemical energy so that neurons can do something with that information. (Neurons try to align the stimuli with previous knowledge)

Question 6

Perception Steps:

Answer 6

Start → sensation
1) A stimulus is received by the sensory receptors.
2) Receptors translate stimulus properties into nerve impulses (transduction).
3) Feature detectors analyze stimulus features.
4) Stimulus features are reconstructed into neural representation.
5) Neural representation is compared with previously stored information in the brain.
6) The matching process results in the recognition and interpretation of the stimulus.
Finish → perception

Question 7

Photoreceptors (cones and rods)

Answer 7

in the eye and helps with the conversion of physical stimuli into chemical and electric energy. (In the retina, the rods and cones, synapse with bipolar cells, which in turn synapse with ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve. They take light waves and make it into electrical and chemical signals to be sent to other portions of the brain)

Question 8

Bottom up processing is the detection of…

Answer 8

physical characteristics of a stimulus (but there is NO interpretation involved)

Question 9

What holds you back is not the physical stimuli but rather

Answer 9

what you are expecting to see

Question 10

Prosopagnosia

Answer 10

A condition where someone CAN NOT recognize familiar faces, but there is nothing wrong with their ability to describe their faces. They cannot interpret who that person is. People with this condition have an area of the brain that is damaged. This means they have an area where neurons are not firing (a small area under the temporal lobe, called the middle fusiform).

Question 10

Speech Segmentation

Answer 10

No consistent physical distinction between the components of speech (phonemes, syllables, words)…as we might expect when we hear these components of speech

Question 11

Example of sensation perception

Answer 11

the labeled image of a horse drinking water. (But not all people recognize the horse to be there)

Question 12

If you read something enough

Answer 12

bottom-up becomes top-down processing

Question 13

Light from above heuristic

Question 13

Geons (geometric ions)

Answer 13

1. view invariance Identifiable at different angles
2. discriminability Distinguishable from others at different angles
3. resistance to visual noise Geons are perceivable under “noisy conditions”

Question 14

Prananz

Answer 14

the law of good figure

Question 14

Visual illusion

Answer 14

a discrepancy between reality and the perceptual representation of it…incorrect, not abnormal

Question 15

Perception is a set of processes by which we…

Answer 15

recognize, organize, and make sense of our environment;