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Cognitive Psychology > Introduction: Relevance of Cognition > Flashcards

Introduction: Relevance of Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

Benefits of AI

A

-less bias
-no human drive for power
-can give equal treatment

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2
Q

Concerns of AI

A

-no human empathy
-cannot give equitable treatment

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3
Q

Ulric Neisser

A

“how people learn, structure, store and use knowledge”

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4
Q

cognitive psychology

A

“Scientific study of how human minds encode, store and use information”

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5
Q

the most important part of cognitive psychology

A

measure in some way how the mind stores and keeps information

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6
Q

birth year of cognitive psychology

A

1967

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7
Q

cognition definition

A

being able to take in information, process it, and express it or translate it into behaviors

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8
Q

types of cognition

A

perception, reasoning, memory, attention,

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9
Q

perception definition

A

How humans take in visual and auditory information, what they do with that information (aka processing information), and how this results in behavior and how this results in decisions

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10
Q

top-down processing

A

process dealing with when humans take in information, store, and when they do something with said information (it is affected by previous experiences, familiarity, expectations, or biases/preferences)

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11
Q

top-down processing example

A

How you interpret the character above is dependent on your experiences in tangent with the context of where it appears

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12
Q

bottom-up processing

A

A process dealing with when humans take in information, and store and work the information. But, the way humans work information is simply based on the physical, basic characteristics of the information that has been taken in.

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13
Q

cognitive psychology definition

A

The scientific study of the mind or measurement of how we take in information, how we process it, and how this expresses itself or translates into behaviors in humans and decisions

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14
Q

syllogism

A

how humans process simple information with bottom-up processing

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15
Q

Reasoning

A

How we take in information and how we make decisions based on logic

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16
Q

Deep encoding

A

Memory as a cognition. memory is not simply remembering things; it is encoding information, storing information, and retrieving information.

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17
Q

Repeated retrieval (SRRR)

A

has the highest recall, but you have to study/pay attention so that you have information to retrieve

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18
Q

systems involved with wake BEFORE sleep

A

Cortical modules

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19
Q

systems involved with sleep

A

synchronous NREM and REM oscillations

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20
Q

When we sleep our metabolism

A

slows down (and slowly bakes encoded info into higher-order processing)

21
Q

Consolidation

A

The information that we encode and retrieve when we do things like studying (during sleep) is then retrieved in groups, rapidly

22
Q

Higher-order processing

A

information that has been processed during sleep to be deeply encoded, and can then be retrieved more efficiently later

23
Q

systems involved with wake AFTER sleep

A

Selective memory consolidation, restored encoding capacity

24
Q

Example of stimulus-response:

A

Stimulus: instead of 4 exams, there will be 10 pop quizzes

Response: studying harder

25
Q

Structuralism

A

an approach to analyzing the basic elements that constitute the mind

26
Q

Introspection (subjective)

A

observation of one’s own experience – not interpretation Asking someone and they subjectively report their observation

27
Q

Streams of Thought

A

an unending parade of thoughts and ideas that appear before our conscious awareness and then pass away

28
Q

Ebbinghaus Savings Curve

A

first time that memory is being looked at as being divided into short-term and long-term

29
Q

Choice Reaction Time

A

Pressing a button with your left hand when you see the letter X and with the right hand when there’s no letter X

30
Q

Simple Reaction Time

A

Pressing a button when you see any letter pop up

31
Q

Stroop Test

A

a way to test choice reaction time or executive functioning

32
Q

Wundt

A

Introspection

33
Q

Donders

A

Reaction time

34
Q

James

A

Conscious stream

35
Q

Ebbinghaus

A

Accurate recall

36
Q

Computerized axial tomography (CT or CAT scan)

A

Three-dimensional X-rays (showing three-dimensional structures observed in the brain). CT scans are the least advanced and the most readily available type of imaging.

37
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET scan)

A

Focuses on the activity of glucose (sugar) in the brain when we engage in activities.

38
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Focus on hydrogen and allows us to see contrasting images of the structures in the brain.

39
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

Detects changes in oxygen in the blood that circulates in the brain. When we engage in different cognition, oxygenated blood rushes to specific areas, and this excess in that particular area “lights up the brain”.

40
Q

Plasticity

A

When something is malleable, the structures in the brain and how the brain communicates is very much affected by the environment.

41
Q

The brain is composed of

A

70 percent water

42
Q

Neurofibromatosis

A

A condition where you see uncontrollable tumors that arise on the skin. It is a disfiguring type of condition often seen in neglected tropical diseases.

43
Q

Astrocytes

A

Brain cells that protect connections or neurons and dendrites in the brain. These cells can also destroy neurons when they go rogue

44
Q

Astrocytes and Alzheimer’s

A

when neurons begin to degenerate, the astrocytes turn rogue and start to destroy synaptic connections in the brain

45
Q

poverty exposure in youth is associated with structural changes in the brain

A

smaller white matter, smaller cortical brain matter in the hippocampal amygdala volumes (decreased volume)

46
Q

a correlation coefficient of 1 is

A

very uncommon

47
Q

Cognitive psychology focuses on

A

cognition processes — reasoning, memory, problem-solving, language, perception, and attention

48
Q

We do not measure memory

A

rather we measure behavior and biological indicators that are assumed to correlate with mental processes

Cognitive Psychology (3 decks)

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