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Cognitive Psychology > Week 2: Cognitive Neuroscience: Is it all About the Brain? > Flashcards

Week 2: Cognitive Neuroscience: Is it all About the Brain? Flashcards

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1
Q

Caradini (a realist/pessimist) thinks

A

Even though we understand which parts of the brain are active when we engage in certain activities, we are far from being able to program humans to do certain predetermined activities

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2
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

-brain and the spinal cord (transmits signals)
-takes in information through senses and sends it out to parts of the brain so that a behavior can result
-only electric and chemical signals
-gets sent to PNS

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

-neurons with long axons and dendrites
-branches out from spinal cord and brain to reach the extremities

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4
Q

Neuron

A

A cell that receives electrical and chemical information throughout the body through the CNS and the PNS. The basic element/cell of the brain. Its function is to send/receive signals to communicate with parts of the body – cognitions.

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5
Q

Cell body

A

-Coordinates all incoming information
-Signals received: electric and chemical

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6
Q

Axon

A

-Transmits electrical signal that gets received from the cell body
-coordinates and sends the electric, NOT chemical, signal through axon

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7
Q

Think of the axon as

A

a wire (Sometimes a wire doesn’t work)

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8
Q

Myelin Sheath:

A

-Conduction
-The outer covering of the axon
-The more insulated the axon is, the more effectively the electric signal is conducted
-makes the process of conducting electric signals to other neurons more efficient.

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9
Q

Symptoms of a worn-out myelin sheath

A

Multiple sclerosis/MS, cannot coordinate their fine and their gross motor movements (Difficulty walking, cannot grasp objects, etc.)

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10
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

-Saltatory conduction
-Nodules along the axon that expedite the transfer of electric signals from one neuron to another.

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11
Q

The electric single rather than going through the axon…

A

will hop from one Node to another Node to send more efficiently

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12
Q

Glial cells function

A

Develop new neurons and to repair broken neurons

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13
Q

Glial cells outnumber

A

the number of neurons ten to one (constitute half of the brain’s mass)

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14
Q

The richer the connection of glial cells

A

the more efficiently we transmit information in the brain

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15
Q

Dendrites

A

-Receive and relay electric information
-Web-like structures at the end of the axon
-Where the chemical signals are being relayed from neuron to neuron

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16
Q

There are around ? neurons in the brain

A

87 billion neurons in the brain

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17
Q

Neurons firing

A

when neurons are sending and relaying information (they appear light and “fire-y” in imaging).

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18
Q

Sensory neuron(s) Function

A

Relay information from the environment to the brain and through the spinal cord. These neurons are primarily in the CNS and relay information to the PNS

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19
Q

Sensory neuron(s) Appearance

A

-big white structure in the cell body
-axon is the structure that hangs off the cell body (and is connected to other neurons)
-end of the axon is the dendrite

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20
Q

Interneurons Function

A

Connect sensory, the motor, and other networks of neurons together. They are the gatekeepers that connect other neurons with other kinds of neurons

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21
Q

Interneurons Appearance

A

For their function, it makes sense that they have a small cell body and long dendrites to make connections with neurons that are far from each other

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22
Q

Motor neurons Function:

A

Relay information from the brain to the muscles
like when you’re doing a workout, on the last rep

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23
Q

Motor neurons Appearance

A

Their cell body is larger than interneurons because for the muscles to receive information from the brain, they require a larger mass area. There is much more coordination that needs to be done.

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24
Q

Purkinje cell Function

A

Relays information in parts of the brain that are highly active when you are trying to do any kind of coordination

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25
Q

Purkinje cell Function Example

A

When trying to parallel park, trying to coordinate what you see with your hand as you turn the steering wheel while estimating when you have to turn the wheel back.

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26
Q

Purkinje cell appearance

A

has many webs of roots because it has to branch itself along connecting with various many cells to do anything

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27
Q

Neurons do not

A

fire randomly

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28
Q

Action potential

A

When you send an electric signal through the axon

29
Q

mV

A

A nano-sized unit charge of an electric charge that is very small.

30
Q

Resting state

A

When you are not doing anything, i.e. sleeping, resting with eyes closed, doing yoga).

31
Q

Resting potential

A

When you are in a resting state, relative to the outside of the axon is –70 mVs.

32
Q

once you start a surge

A

it cannot be stopped

33
Q

All-or-nothing rule (of action potential)

A

The only thing that could slow it down is if the dendrite or the myelin sheath is somehow compromised. But, once you start you can’t slow it down, and you cannot stop the surge. You cannot make it go faster;
you can however send multiple impulses at a quicker rate, one after another, very rapidly

34
Q

Refractory period

A

When the surge does a “double-dip” and it goes less than –70 mVs briefly before going back up to –70 mVs.

35
Q

Ions

A

Electric particles

36
Q

Sodium (Na)

A

A positive electric particle, often found inside the axon

37
Q

Potassium (K)

A

A positive electric particle, often found inside the axon

38
Q

Once the electric charge passes

A

the charge inside of the axon resumes resting potential

39
Q

Sodium ion channels

A

Sodium exclusively goes through these channels.

40
Q

Potassium ion channels

A

Potassium exclusively goes through these channels.

41
Q

Set of behavior

A

Cognition

42
Q

Edgar Adrian, 1932

A

(Nobel Prize winner) found out how to measure the electrical activity of a single neuron and record it by having a microelectrode measure the action potential and resting potential

43
Q

STIMULATE

A

microelectrode to inject current

44
Q

RECORD

A

microelectrode to measure membrane potential

45
Q

Terminal button

A

-looks like a bulb on the diagram.
-located at the end of the dendrite. -where the above chemical processes happen.

46
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Sacks that contain chemicals called neurotransmitters.

47
Q

Neurotransmitter (NTs)

A

Chemical(s)

48
Q

Reuptake

A

Recycled

49
Q

Synaptic gap

A

Sodium enters into the receiving neuron as a part of an action potential

50
Q

Steps of an action potential

A

1) Synaptic vesicles are at the tip of the dendrite. An action potential starts when calcium enters the terminal button, which initiates the process.
2) The synaptic vesicles then start the action potential, they migrate down to the terminal button.
3) The terminal button opens and deposits neurotransmitters that linger in the synaptic gap until doing their job.
4) They open up the receiving neuron’s ion channel, allowing sodium ions (exclusively) to enter the receiving neuron. When sodium rushes in, it starts an action potential. This is the main part of an action potential (electricity measure: -70 mVs → +40 mVs)
5) After that, the reuptake process begins and the synaptic vesicles move back up to the top of the vesicle. Once the neurotransmitters are done with an action potential, they go back to close the receptor. Neurotransmitters will close the receptors before migrating up to their homeland (the tips of the vesicle).
6) They stay there until there’s a sensing of an action potential reaching the end of a dendrite from calcium ions.

51
Q

If there is no sensing of the action potential and no sodium

A

there is no signal

52
Q

Neurotransmitters function

A

Their only function is to open up the ion channels (They do not get sent anywhere)

53
Q

Agonist

A

Mimics or enhances neurotransmitter effects (Increase production, release of NT
Block reuptake)

54
Q

Antagonist

A

Blocks effects and production of neurotransmitters

55
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Intelligence
Personality
Voluntary muscles

56
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Spatial location
Attention
Motor control

57
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Neurons firing in the temporal lobe are often associated with memory.
Hearing
Language processing
Memory

58
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Vision

59
Q

Middle fusiform location

A

in the ventral (underside) temporal lobe

60
Q

Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)

A
61
Q

Motor cortex

A

Areas of the brain are firing anytime we are doing anything that requires motion (fine or gross motor functions)

62
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

-A result of when Broca’s Area is damaged and neurons are not firing
-People with this can communicate but the way that they do is delayed or impaired

63
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

-Impaired comprehension. Intact speech production
-Someone with this can communicate but it is not comprehensible

64
Q

ERPs reflect

A

the summed, simultaneously occurring, postsynaptic activity of large groups of neurons in the brain

65
Q

P400 effect (Semantic)

A

If you hear something that does not have any meaning and makes no sense

66
Q

N600 effect (Structure)

A

If you hear a sentence that has incorrect tenses or other grammatical errors

67
Q

Phonological (fip, sop)

A

Words that do not have any meaning but are recognized by the phonics or the sound

68
Q

Lexico-semantic (living Y/N)

A

Example: Do you live in the DMV area? You would respond yes or no.

69
Q

Text-processing (Black Lives —–)

A

Filling in the blank, and doing top-down processing (because it requires familiarity and some sort of an understanding of previous knowledge).

Cognitive Psychology (3 decks)

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