WEEK 3 - perceiving others

Question 1

What are the elements of social perception

Answer 1

• Thin slice accuracy
• Trouble detecting lies

Question 2

What is thin slices

Answer 2

People can create judgmenets about a person (aggression, likeablness etc) within seconds by looking at their face

People were able to agree on a ratings of teachers’ based on nonverbal behaviour seen in a silent video clips.

Question 3

What does thin slices teach us?

Answer 3

We can pick up a lot of meaningful information in
a short amount of time!

Question 4

Are people good at detecting lies?

Answer 4

NO

Question 5

Why are people not good at dedecting lies?

Answer 5

• they tend to focus too much on faces
• a lot of available cues aren’t good indicators

Question 6

What helps somone dedect a lie?

Answer 6

• Voice - hesitate, then speed up/raise pitch
• Cognitive effort - lying is harder to do than telling the truth, so easier to detect if you add a cognitive challenge. You can get someone to apply effort by asking them to say the story backwards

Question 7

What the two attibution theories

Answer 7

• Correspondent inference theory
• Covariation model

Question 8

What is attribution?

Answer 8

• How people explain the causes of behaviour
• People onstruct theories to explain behaviour
• people draw upon personal/dispositional and situational explanations

Question 9

What is personal attribution

Answer 9

An internal characteristic of the person caused the behaviour
(e.g., ability, personality, mood, effort)

Question 10

What is situational attribution

Answer 10

An external factor caused the behaviour (e.g., the task, other people, luck)

Question 11

Correspondent Inference Theory

Answer 11

• Theory helps us understand the process of making an internal attribution. They say that we tend to do this when we see a correspondence between motive and behavior. For example, when we see a correspondence between someone behaving in a friendly way and being a friendly person
• what you see is what you get –> aggressive action due to aggressive personality
• The term correspondent inference to refer to an occasion when an observer infers that a person’s behavior matches or corresponds with their personality

Question 12

What leads us to make a correspondent inference?

Answer 12

1. Choice: If the behavior is freely chosen
2. Unexpected, departs from what norms and roles dictate
3. Produces fewer desirable effects

Question 13

What is covariation model

Answer 13

The cause of a behaviour should be present when the behaviour occurs and absent when it does not

The model aimed at determining the causes of the behaviours, facts or events that we observe. When there are multiple different events that may be the triggering cause of a behaviour, only those that are shown to be consistently related to it over time, will be considered as the cause of the behaviour.

Question 14

What are the three types of information that the covariation model uses?

Answer 14

consensus
distinctiveness
consistancyy

Question 15

what is consensus in the covariation model

Answer 15

Do other people react similarly to
this stimulus?

Question 16

what is distictivness in the covariation model

Answer 16

Does this person react differently to
other stimuli?

Question 17

What is consistency in the covariation model

Answer 17

Does this person react similarly to
this stimulus on other occasions?

Question 18

What is the Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 18

• Tendency to overlook situational factors and instead make internal attributions for others’ behaviour
• For example, ttribute poverty to the person rather than social conditions

Question 19

Why does the Fundamental Attribution Error mostly occur

Answer 19

Attribution is a two-step process

• Identify the behaviour and make personal attribution- this happens fast and automatic (this is step one and always happens)
• Amend attribution to account for situational factors- this doesn’t always happen and requires thought and effort (this is step two and doesn’t always happen)

Question 20

When is it harder to amend the attribution made the two step process?

Answer 20

• Adjust for the situation less when under cognitive load or unmotivated

Question 21

When jusging someone what attribution are you likely to make if the person is salient (the focus, the thing you notice)

Answer 21

internal attribution

Question 22

When looking at a situation that is salient (noticeable, recognisable) what attribution would you make

Answer 22

external/situational attribution

Question 23

Is a person or situation normally more salient?

Answer 23

the person is, leading to interal attribution

Question 24

WHat culture is the fundamental attribution error more common in and why

Answer 24

Western culture due to the indepenednet view of ourself which makes us use abstract traits (i.e - I’m funny, smart, outgoing etc)

Question 25

What is the ‘Belief in a just world)

Answer 25

• When bad things happen to good people it threatens our belief in a just world
• belief that the world is a fair place and that good things happen to good people
• when something is not ‘just’ it makes us feel anxious because if that happened to them, it could
  happen to us

Question 26

Asch’s configural model (1946)

Answer 26

Takes a holstic view to impression formation

• Says that some traits are more useful for constructing an integrated impression. these traits are Central traits (e.g., warm vs. cold)
• Peripheral traits have less of an impcact (e.g., polite vs. blunt)

Question 27

The two tmost fundamental
social dimensions when forming an impression

Answer 27

Warmth: good or ill intent
Competence: ability to act on intentions

Question 28

How do we put together traits to form an overall impression?

Answer 28

order matters
* Primacy effect: earlier info has a bigger impact on impressions (intelligent, industrious, impulsive, critical, stubborn, envious) rated more positively than
* (envious, stubborn, critical, impulsive, industrious, intelligent)

• Why? More attention, can change interpretation
• Valence matters - negative info is more distinctive, has a bigger impact

Question 29

What are the three confirmation biases?

Answer 29

• Perseverance of belief
• Confirmatory hypothesis testing
• Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 30

What is confirmation bias?

Answer 30

• Sometimes initial biases can persist, even when more information becomes available
• To explain why or how this happens we can look at confirmation biases
• Interpret, seek and create information that support our views

Question 31

What is perseverance of belief

Answer 31

Belief perseverance is the tendency to maintain one’s beliefs even in the face of evidence that contradicts them

Question 32

What happens when information disconfirms our beliefs?

Answer 32

the belief still preservers

Question 33

What is Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Answer 33

Prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true,

step 1: percievers expectations
step 2:percievers behaviour towards the target
step 3: targets behaviour towards perceiver

Question 34

What is Confirmatory Hypothesis

Answer 34

We actively search for information to confirm our hypotheses

Question 35

What are the Elements of Social Perception

Answer 35

• Thin slice accuracy
• Trouble detecting lies

Question 36

What are the attribution Theories

Answer 36

• Correspondent inference theory
• Covariation model

Question 37

What are the Biasing Factors that humans are effected by

Answer 37

• Fundamental attribution error - Underlying process - culture
• Belief in a just world

Question 38

What are the impression formation theories/studies

Answer 38

• Central traits - Warmth and competence
• Primacy and valence effects

Question 39

What is the sleeper effect

Answer 39

a persuasive message from a non-credible
source becomes more persuasive over
tim