Week 3: Osteology and Joints Flashcards
What are the two major parts of the skeletal system and what are their functions?
Axial – supports and proteccs organs of the head, neck and trunk
Appendicular skeleton – bones that anchor the appendages to the axial skeleton
What are the main components of the axial skeleton?
The skull, sternum, ribs and vertebral column
What are the main components of the appendicular skeleton?
The upper and lower extremeties, the shoulder and pelvic girdle
What is bone and what does it consist of?
Organ-calcified, living connective tissue made of:
Intercellular calcified matrix
Collagen fibers
Osteoblasts (build), osteoclasts (crush), osteocytes (mature)
What helps remodel bone?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (directs osteoclasts to break down bone when not enough Ca2+ is present)
Calcitonin (Ca2+-activated enzyme that “turns on” osteoblast activity)
Estrogen inhibits osteoclasts, which is why post-menopausal women can often get osteoporosis (activated osteoclasts break down bone)
What are the two major varieties of bone tissue and what are their relative amounts?
Compact bone – dense, outer shell that makes up 80% of the total bone weight, leads to greater strength and rigidity (but is very heavy) (ex.: humerus)
Spongy bone – less dense, lighter weight bone that makes up remaining 20% of bone, with spicules of bone enclosing cavities containing blood-forming cells (ex.: phalanges)
What are the major bones of the skull?
Cranium and mandible
What are the major bones of the upper extremity?
The humerus, radius and ulna
What are the major bones of the hand?
Carpals (wrist), metacarpals (palm) and phalanges (fingers)
What are the major bones of the thorax?
The sternum, ribs, clavicle and scapula
What are the major bones of the lower extremity?
The femur, patella, tibia (medial, larger) and fibula (lateral)
What are the major bones of the foot?
The tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
What are the major bones of the pelvis?
The ileum, sacrum, pubis and ischium
What are the defining elements of long bone and where are they primarily found? What are some examples?
They are longer than they are wide, with a long shaft and two bulky ends, and are found primarily in the extremities. They are primarily compact bone in the diaphysis, with spongy bone at the epiphyseal ends. Examples include the humerus and femur.
What are the defining elements of short bones and where are they primarily found? What are some examples?
Short bone is cuboidal, with a thin outer layer of compact bone and mostly spongy bone in the center. The bones of the wrist and ankle are mostly short bones!
What are the defining elements of flat bones and where are they primarily found? What are some examples?
Flat bones are thin, flat sheets of compact bone plates separated by spongy bone. These include the bones of the skull and sternum.